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== చరిత్ర ==
== చరిత్ర ==
===1971–1999===
===1971–1999===
When it was founded, NASDAQ stood for the [[acronym]] of "'''N'''ational '''A'''ssociation of '''S'''ecurities '''D'''ealers '''A'''utomated '''Q'''uotations".<ref>[http://www.nasdaq.com/help/helpfaq.stm Frequently Asked Questions. NASDAQ.com. NASDAQ, n.d. Web. December 23, 2001.] {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wT1Kgayi?url=http://www.nasdaq.com/help/helpfaq.stm |date=February 13, 2011 }}</ref> Nasdaq was founded in 1971 by the [[Financial Industry Regulatory Authority|National Association of Securities Dealers]] (NASD),<ref name="loc">{{cite web|last=Terrell|first=Ellen|title=History of the American and Nasdaq Stock Exchanges|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/business/amex/amex.html|website=LOC.gov|publisher=Library of Congress Business Reference Services|accessdate=April 27, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414213410/http://www.loc.gov/rr/business/amex/amex.html|archivedate=April 14, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> which [[divestment|divested]] itself of Nasdaq in a series of sales in 2000 and 2001. The Nasdaq Stock Market is owned and operated by [[Nasdaq, Inc.]], the stock of which was listed on its own securities exchange on July 2, 2002, under the [[ticker symbol]] {{NASDAQ link|NDAQ}}.
నాస్‌డాక్(NASDAQ) అనేది నేషనల్ అసోసియేషన్ ఆఫ్ సెక్యూరిటీస్ డీలర్స్ ఆటొమేటెడ్ కొటేషన్స్('''N'''ational '''A'''ssociation of '''S'''ecurities '''D'''ealers '''A'''utomated '''Q'''uotations") కు సంక్షిప్త రూపం.<ref>[http://www.nasdaq.com/help/helpfaq.stm Frequently Asked Questions. NASDAQ.com. NASDAQ, n.d. Web. December 23, 2001.] {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wT1Kgayi?url=http://www.nasdaq.com/help/helpfaq.stm |date=February 13, 2011 }}</ref> ఇది 1971లో నేషనల్ అసోసియేషన్ ఆఫ్ సెక్యూరిటీస్ డీలర్స్ సంస్థచే ప్రారంభించబడింది.<ref name="loc">{{cite web|last=Terrell|first=Ellen|title=History of the American and Nasdaq Stock Exchanges|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/business/amex/amex.html|website=LOC.gov|publisher=Library of Congress Business Reference Services|accessdate=April 27, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414213410/http://www.loc.gov/rr/business/amex/amex.html|archivedate=April 14, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> సంస్థ నాస్‌డాక్ నుండి తన పెట్టుబడులను 2000-2001లో ఉపసంహరించుకుంది. The Nasdaq Stock Market is owned and operated by [[Nasdaq, Inc.]], the stock of which was listed on its own securities exchange on July 2, 2002, under the [[ticker symbol]] {{NASDAQ link|NDAQ}}.
[[File:NASDAQ.svg|thumb|Former logo]]
[[File:NASDAQ.svg|thumb|Former logo]]



11:47, 14 మార్చి 2018 నాటి కూర్పు

నాస్‌డాక్
దస్త్రం:Nasdaq logo.svg
రకంస్టాక్ ఎక్స్చేంజ్
ప్రాంతంవన్ లిబర్టీ ప్లాజా
165 బ్రాడ్‌వే, న్యూయార్క్, న్యూయార్క్ రాష్ట్రం, యు.ఎస్.ఎ.
స్థాపించినదిఫిబ్రవరి 4, 1971; 53 సంవత్సరాల క్రితం (1971-02-04)
యజమానిNasdaq, Inc.
ద్రవ్యమానం$ (అమెరికన్ డాలర్)
No. of listings3,295 (మార్చి 2018)[1]
Market capIncrease $7 ట్రిలియన్లు

నాస్‌డాక్ స్టాక్ మార్కెట్ (/ˈnæzˌdæk/) ఒక అమెరికన్ స్టాక్ ఎక్స్చేంజ్. ఇది న్యూయార్క్ లోనే ఉన్న న్యూయార్క్ స్టాక్ ఎక్స్ఛేంజ్ తరువాత ప్రపంచంలో అతి పెద్ద స్టాక్ ఎక్స్చేంజ్.[2] ఈ ఎక్స్చేంజ్ Nasdaq, Inc. అనే సంస్థ స్థాపించింది.[3] ఇదే సంస్థ నాస్‌డాక్ నార్డిక్ (పూర్వం ఓఎంఎక్స్ గా ప్రసిద్ధి), నాస్‌డాక్ బాల్టిక్ అనే స్టాక్‌మార్కెట్ నెట్‌వర్క్‌లను నడుపుతోంది.

చరిత్ర

1971–1999

నాస్‌డాక్(NASDAQ) అనేది నేషనల్ అసోసియేషన్ ఆఫ్ సెక్యూరిటీస్ డీలర్స్ ఆటొమేటెడ్ కొటేషన్స్(National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations") కు సంక్షిప్త రూపం.[4] ఇది 1971లో నేషనల్ అసోసియేషన్ ఆఫ్ సెక్యూరిటీస్ డీలర్స్ సంస్థచే ప్రారంభించబడింది.[5]ఈ సంస్థ నాస్‌డాక్ నుండి తన పెట్టుబడులను 2000-2001లో ఉపసంహరించుకుంది. The Nasdaq Stock Market is owned and operated by Nasdaq, Inc., the stock of which was listed on its own securities exchange on July 2, 2002, under the ticker symbol మూస:NASDAQ link.

దస్త్రం:NASDAQ.svg
Former logo

When the Nasdaq Stock Market began trading on February 8, 1971, it was the world's first electronic stock market.[5] At first, it was merely a quotation system and did not provide a way to perform electronic trades.[6]మూస:Not in citation given The Nasdaq Stock Market helped lower the spread (the difference between the bid price and the ask price of the stock) but was unpopular among brokerages which made much of their money on the spread.

The Nasdaq Stock Market eventually assumed the majority of major trades that had been executed by the over-the-counter (OTC) system of trading, although there are still many securities traded in this fashion. As late as 1987, the Nasdaq exchange was still commonly referred to as "OTC" in media[7] and also in the monthly Stock Guides (stock guides and procedures) issued by Standard & Poor's Corporation.[ఆధారం చూపాలి]

Over the years, the NASDAQ Stock Market became more of a stock market by adding trade and volume reporting and automated trading systems. It was also the first stock market in the United States to start trading online, highlighting NASDAQ -traded companies and closing with the declaration that the NASDAQ Stock Market is "the stock market for the next hundred years". The NASDAQ Stock Market attracted new growth companies such as Microsoft, Apple, Cisco, Oracle and Dell and helped modernize the IPO.

Its main index is the NASDAQ Composite, which has been published since its inception. However, its exchange-traded fund tracks the large-cap NASDAQ-100 index, which was introduced in 1985 alongside the NASDAQ 100 Financial Index which tracks the largest 100 companies in terms of market capitalization.

In 1992, the Nasdaq Stock Market joined with the London Stock Exchange to form the first intercontinental linkage of securities markets.[8] The National Association of Securities Dealers spun off the Nasdaq Stock Market in 2000 to form a publicly traded company.

The NASDAQ Composite index spiked in the late 1990s and then fell sharply as a result of the dot-com bubble.

2000–present

Studio

On March 10, 2000, the NASDAQ Composite peaked at 5,132.52, but fell to 3227 by April 17,[9] and in the following 30 months fell 78% from its peak.[10]

In 2006, the status of the Nasdaq Stock Market was changed from a stock market to a licensed national securities exchange.[11]

In 2007, Nasdaq merged with OMX, a leading exchange operator in the Nordic countries, expanded its global footprint, and changed its name to the NASDAQ OMX Group.[12]

To qualify for listing on the exchange, a company must be registered with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), must have at least three market makers (financial firms that act as brokers or dealers for specific securities) and must meet minimum requirements for assets, capital, public shares, and shareholders.

In February 2011, in the wake of an announced merger of NYSE Euronext with Deutsche Börse, speculation developed that NASDAQ OMX and Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) could mount a counter-bid of their own for NYSE. NASDAQ OMX could be[ఎప్పుడు?] looking to acquire the American exchange's cash equities business, ICE the derivatives business. At the time, "NYSE Euronext’s market value was $9.75 billion. Nasdaq was valued at $5.78 billion, while ICE was valued at $9.45 billion."[13] Late in the month, Nasdaq was reported to be considering asking either ICE or the Chicago Mercantile Exchange to join in what would probably have to be, if it proceeded, an $11–12 billion counterbid.[14]

The European Association of Securities Dealers Automatic Quotation System (EASDAQ) was founded as a European equivalent to the Nasdaq Stock Market. It was purchased by NASDAQ in 2001 and became NASDAQ Europe. Operations were shut down, however, as a result of the burst of the dot-com bubble. In 2007, NASDAQ Europe was revived as Equiduct, and is currently[ఎప్పుడు?] operating under Börse Berlin.[15]

On June 18, 2012, Nasdaq OMX became a founding member of the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges initiative on the eve of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20).[16]

In November 2016, Nasdaq Chief Operating Officer Adena Friedman was promoted to the role of CEO, becoming the first woman to run a major exchange in the U.S.[17] In 2016, Nasdaq earned $272 million in listings-related revenues.[18]

Quote availability

Nasdaq quotes are available at three levels:

  • Level 1 shows the highest bid and lowest ask—inside quote.
  • Level 2 shows all public quotes of market makers together with information of market dealers wishing to buy or sell stock and recently executed orders.[19]
  • Level 3 is used by the market makers and allows them to enter their quotes and execute orders.[20]

Trading schedule

The Nasdaq Stock Market sessions eastern time are:

4:00 am to 9:30 am premarket session

9:30 am to 4:00 pm normal trading session

4:00 pm to 8:00 pm postmarket session[21]

Market tiers

The Nasdaq Stock Market has three different market tiers:

  • Capital Market (small cap) is an equity market for companies that have relatively small levels of market capitalization. Listing requirements for such "small cap" companies are less stringent than for other Nasdaq markets that list larger companies with significantly higher market capitalization.[22]
  • Global Market (mid cap) is made up of stocks that represent the Nasdaq Global Market. The Global Market consists of 1,450 stocks that meet Nasdaq's strict financial and liquidity requirements, and corporate governance standards. The Global Market is less exclusive than the Global Select Market.[23]
  • Global Select Market (NASDAQ-GS large cap) is a market capitalization-weighted index made up of US-based and international stocks that represent the Global Select Market Composite. The Global Select Market consists of 1,200 stocks that meet Nasdaq's strict financial and liquidity requirements and corporate governance standards. The Global Select Market is more exclusive than the Global Market. Every October, the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Department reviews the Global Market Composite to determine if any of its stocks have become eligible for listing on the Global Select Market.[24][25]

Average annualized growth rate

As of June 2015, the Nasdaq Stock Market had an average annualized growth rate of 9.24% since its opening in February 1971. Since the end of the recession in June 2009 however, it has increased by 18.29% per year.[26]

ఇవి కూడా చూడండి

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మూలాలు

  1. "నాస్‌డాక్ కంపెనీలు". Archived from the original on మార్చి 14, 2018. Retrieved మార్చి 14, 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  2. "Monthly Reports". World-Exchanges.org. World Federation of Exchanges. Archived from the original on August 17, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  3. Nasdaq. "Nasdaq – Business Solutions & Services". Archived from the original on అక్టోబరు 20, 2016. Retrieved అక్టోబరు 23, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  4. Frequently Asked Questions. NASDAQ.com. NASDAQ, n.d. Web. December 23, 2001. Archived ఫిబ్రవరి 13, 2011 at WebCite
  5. 5.0 5.1 Terrell, Ellen. "History of the American and Nasdaq Stock Exchanges". LOC.gov. Library of Congress Business Reference Services. Archived from the original on ఏప్రిల్ 14, 2013. Retrieved ఏప్రిల్ 27, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  6. "Nasdaq.com Frequently Asked Questions". Retrieved October 23, 2016.
  7. Gilpin, Kenneth N. (జూలై 3, 1987). "COMPANY NEWS; AN ERRATIC QUARTER FOR STOCK MARKETS". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on ఆగస్టు 1, 2017. Retrieved ఫిబ్రవరి 1, 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  8. Odekon, Mehmet (మార్చి 17, 2015). Booms and Busts: An Encyclopedia of Economic History from the First Stock Market Crash of 1792 to the Current Global Economic Crisis: An Encyclopedia of Economic History from the First Stock Market Crash of 1792 to the Current Global Economic Crisis (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Routledge. ISBN 9781317475750. Archived from the original on ఆగస్టు 3, 2017. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  9. "NASDAQ Composite daily index". Archived from the original on నవంబరు 22, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  10. Glassman, James K. (ఫిబ్రవరి 11, 2015). "3 Lessons for Investors From the Tech Bubble". Kiplinger's Personal Finance. Archived from the original on ఏప్రిల్ 15, 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  11. Walsh, Michelle. "Nasdaq Stock Market Becomes A National Securities Exchange; Changes Market Designations". Archived from the original on డిసెంబరు 17, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  12. Lucchetti, Aaron; MacDonald, Alistair (మే 26, 2007). "Nasdaq Lands OMX for $3.7 Billion; Are More Merger Deals on the Way?". Wall Street Journal (in అమెరికన్ ఇంగ్లీష్). ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on జూలై 31, 2017. Retrieved జూలై 21, 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  13. De la Merced, Michael J., "Nasdaq and ICE Hold Talks Over Potential N.Y.S.E. Bid" Archived జనవరి 20, 2012 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times Dealbook, February 18, 2011, 12:46 pm. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
  14. Fraser, Michelle E., "Nasdaq May Ask CME or ICE for Help in NYSE Counterbid, WSJ Says" Archived జూలై 29, 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Bloomberg, February 26, 2011 9:30 AM ET. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
  15. "Easdaq Makes A Comeback As Equiduct". Archived from the original on ఫిబ్రవరి 13, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  16. "Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative: Exchanges listing over 4,600 companies commit to promoting sustainability". Reuters.com. Reuters. Archived from the original on మే 13, 2014. Retrieved మే 13, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  17. "Nasdaq's New CEO Attributes Her Success to an 'Eclectic' Career Path". Fortune. నవంబరు 15, 2016. Archived from the original on నవంబరు 17, 2016. Retrieved నవంబరు 17, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  18. Osipovich, Alexander (అక్టోబరు 26, 2017). "Startup Exchange Cleared to Take on NYSE, Nasdaq for Stock Listings". Wall Street Journal. New York City, United States. Archived from the original on అక్టోబరు 26, 2017. Retrieved అక్టోబరు 26, 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  19. "Order Book, Level 2 Market Data, and Depth of Market". Daytrading. About.com. Archived from the original on ఫిబ్రవరి 13, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  20. "Nasdaq Level III Quote". Archived from the original on ఏప్రిల్ 13, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  21. "Nasdaq Trading Schedule". Nasdaq.com. Archived from the original on ఏప్రిల్ 17, 2014. Retrieved ఏప్రిల్ 20, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  22. "Definition of 'Nasdaq SmallCap Market', now known as Nasdaq Capital Market". Investopedia.com. Archived from the original on ఆగస్టు 4, 2013. Retrieved ఆగస్టు 25, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  23. "Definition of 'Nasdaq Global Market Composite'". Investopedia.com. Archived from the original on సెప్టెంబరు 17, 2013. Retrieved ఆగస్టు 25, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  24. "Definition of 'Nasdaq Global Select Market Composite'". Investopedia.com. Archived from the original on అక్టోబరు 4, 2013. Retrieved ఆగస్టు 25, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  25. Pinto, Jerald E.; Henry, Elaine; Robinson, Thomas R.; Stowe, John D. (2010). Equity Asset Valuation. CFA Institute Investment Series. Vol. 27 (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 6. ISBN 9780470579657. Archived from the original on మే 10, 2013. Retrieved మార్చి 4, 2013. [...] NASDAQ-GS stands for 'Nasdaq Global Select Market,' [...] {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  26. "Measuring Worth – Measures of worth, inflation rates, saving calculator, relative value, worth of a dollar, worth of a pound, purchasing power, gold prices, GDP, history of wages, average wage". measuringworth.com. Archived from the original on అక్టోబరు 4, 2015. Retrieved అక్టోబరు 2, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)

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