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పంక్తి 110: పంక్తి 110:
{{see also|List of Muslim historians|Historiography of early Islam}}
{{see also|List of Muslim historians|Historiography of early Islam}}


*[[Muhammad]] (570-632), discussed [[corporate social responsibility]]<ref>Jawed A. Mohammed PhD and Alfred Oehlers (2007), [http://repositoryaut.lconz.ac.nz/theses/1324 Corporate social responsibility in Islam], School of Business, [[Auckland University of Technology]].</ref>
* [[Muhammad]] (570-632), discussed [[corporate social responsibility]]<ref>Jawed A. Mohammed PhD and Alfred Oehlers (2007), [http://repositoryaut.lconz.ac.nz/theses/1324 Corporate social responsibility in Islam], School of Business, [[Auckland University of Technology]].</ref>
*[[Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man]] (699-767), [[economist]]
* [[Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man]] (699-767), [[economist]]
*[[Abu Yusuf]] (731-798), economist
* [[Abu Yusuf]] (731-798), economist
*[[Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi]] (854–931), economist
* [[Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi]] (854–931), economist
*[[Al-Farabi]] (Alpharabius) (873–950), economist
* [[Al-Farabi]] (Alpharabius) (873–950), economist
*[[Al-Saghani]] (d. 990), one of the earliest [[History of science|historians of science]]<ref>[[Franz Rosenthal]] (1950). "Al-Asturlabi and as-Samaw'al on Scientific Progress", ''Osiris'' '''9''', p. 555-564 [559].</ref>
* [[Al-Saghani]] (d. 990), one of the earliest [[History of science|historians of science]]<ref>[[Franz Rosenthal]] (1950). "Al-Asturlabi and as-Samaw'al on Scientific Progress", ''Osiris'' '''9''', p. 555-564 [559].</ref>
*[[Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir]] (Qabus) (d. 1012), economist
* [[Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir]] (Qabus) (d. 1012), economist
*[[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] (973-1048), considered the "first [[Anthropology|anthropologist]]"<ref name=Ahmed>Akbar S. Ahmed (1984). "Al-Beruni: The First Anthropologist", ''RAIN'' '''60''', p. 9-10.</ref> and father of [[Indology]]<ref name=Khan>Zafarul-Islam Khan, [http://milligazette.com/Archives/15-1-2000/Art5.htm At The Threshold Of A New Millennium – II], ''The Milli Gazette''.</ref>
* [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] (973-1048), considered the "first [[Anthropology|anthropologist]]"<ref name=Ahmed>Akbar S. Ahmed (1984). "Al-Beruni: The First Anthropologist", ''RAIN'' '''60''', p. 9-10.</ref> and father of [[Indology]]<ref name=Khan>Zafarul-Islam Khan, [http://milligazette.com/Archives/15-1-2000/Art5.htm At The Threshold Of A New Millennium – II], ''The Milli Gazette''.</ref>
* [[ఇబ్న్ సీనా]], [[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
* [[ఇబ్న్ సీనా]], [[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
*[[Ibn Miskawayh]] (b. 1030), economist
* [[Ibn Miskawayh]] (b. 1030), economist
* [[అల్-ఘజాలి]], [[Al-Ghazali]] (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist
* [[అల్-ఘజాలి]], [[Al-Ghazali]] (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist
*[[Al-Mawardi]] (1075–1158), economist
* [[Al-Mawardi]] (1075–1158), economist
*[[Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī]] (Tusi) (1201-1274), economist
* [[Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī]] (Tusi) (1201-1274), economist
*[[Ibn al-Nafis]] (1213-1288), [[List of sociologists|sociologist]]
* [[Ibn al-Nafis]] (1213-1288), [[List of sociologists|sociologist]]
*[[Ibn Taymiyyah]] (1263–1328), economist
* [[Ibn Taymiyyah]] (1263–1328), economist
* [[ఇబ్న్ ఖుల్దూన్]], [[:en:Ibn Khaldun]] (1332-1406), forerunner of [[social sciences]]<ref>Akbar Ahmed (2002). "Ibn Khaldun’s Understanding of Civilizations and the Dilemmas of Islam and the West Today", ''Middle East Journal'' '''56''' (1), p. 25.</ref> such as [[demography]],<ref name=Mowlana>H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World", ''Cooperation South Journal'' '''1'''.</ref> [[cultural history]],<ref>Mohamad Abdalla (Summer 2007). "Ibn Khaldun on the Fate of Islamic Science after the 11th Century", ''Islam & Science'' '''5''' (1), p. 61-70.</ref> [[historiography]],<ref>Salahuddin Ahmed (1999). ''A Dictionary of Muslim Names''. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 1850653569.</ref> [[philosophy of history]],<ref name=Akhtar>Dr. S. W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", ''Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture'' '''12''' (3).</ref> [[sociology]]<ref name=Mowlana/><ref name=Akhtar/> and [[economics]]<ref>I. M. Oweiss (1988), "Ibn Khaldun, the Father of Economics", ''Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses'', [[New York University Press]], ISBN 0887066984.</ref><ref>Jean David C. Boulakia (1971), "Ibn Khaldun: A Fourteenth-Century Economist", ''The Journal of Political Economy'' '''79''' (5): 1105-1118.</ref>
* [[ఇబ్న్ ఖుల్దూన్]], [[:en:Ibn Khaldun]] (1332-1406), forerunner of [[social sciences]]<ref>Akbar Ahmed (2002). "Ibn Khaldun’s Understanding of Civilizations and the Dilemmas of Islam and the West Today", ''Middle East Journal'' '''56''' (1), p. 25.</ref> such as [[demography]],<ref name=Mowlana>H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World", ''Cooperation South Journal'' '''1'''.</ref> [[cultural history]],<ref>Mohamad Abdalla (Summer 2007). "Ibn Khaldun on the Fate of Islamic Science after the 11th Century", ''Islam & Science'' '''5''' (1), p. 61-70.</ref> [[historiography]],<ref>Salahuddin Ahmed (1999). ''A Dictionary of Muslim Names''. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 1-85065-356-9.</ref> [[philosophy of history]],<ref name=Akhtar>Dr. S. W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", ''Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture'' '''12''' (3).</ref> [[sociology]]<ref name=Mowlana/><ref name=Akhtar/> and [[economics]]<ref>I. M. Oweiss (1988), "Ibn Khaldun, the Father of Economics", ''Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses'', [[New York University Press]], ISBN 0-88706-698-4.</ref><ref>Jean David C. Boulakia (1971), "Ibn Khaldun: A Fourteenth-Century Economist", ''The Journal of Political Economy'' '''79''' (5): 1105-1118.</ref>
*[[Al-Maqrizi]] (1364-1442), economist
* [[Al-Maqrizi]] (1364-1442), economist
*[[Akhtar Hameed Khan]], [[Pakistan]]i social scientist; pioneer of [[microcredit]]
* [[Akhtar Hameed Khan]], [[Pakistan]]i social scientist; pioneer of [[microcredit]]
*[[Mahbub ul Haq]], Pakistani economist; developer of [[Human Development Index]] and founder of [[Human Development Report]]<ref>Mahbub ul Haq (1995), ''Reflections on Human Development'', [[Oxford University Press]], ISBN 0195101936.</ref><ref>[[Amartya Sen]] (2000), "A Decade of Human Development", ''Journal of Human Development'' '''1''' (1): 17-23.</ref>
* [[Mahbub ul Haq]], Pakistani economist; developer of [[Human Development Index]] and founder of [[Human Development Report]]<ref>Mahbub ul Haq (1995), ''Reflections on Human Development'', [[Oxford University Press]], ISBN 0-19-510193-6.</ref><ref>[[Amartya Sen]] (2000), "A Decade of Human Development", ''Journal of Human Development'' '''1''' (1): 17-23.</ref>
*[[Muhammad Yunus]], [[Bangladesh]]i economist; succesful user of [[microcredit]] and [[microfinance]]<ref>Paula A. Monopoli, "The Global Advancement Of Women: Barriers And Best PracticesForeword", ''University of Maryland's Law Journal on Race, Religion, Gender and Class'' '''6''' (273): 273-280.</ref><ref>[http://www.grameen-info.org/dialogue/Dialogue60/indiaFocus.htm Expanding Microcredit in India: A Great Opportunity for Poverty Alleviation], Grameen Dialogue.</ref>
* [[Muhammad Yunus]], [[Bangladesh]]i economist; succesful user of [[microcredit]] and [[microfinance]]<ref>Paula A. Monopoli, "The Global Advancement Of Women: Barriers And Best PracticesForeword", ''University of Maryland's Law Journal on Race, Religion, Gender and Class'' '''6''' (273): 273-280.</ref><ref>[http://www.grameen-info.org/dialogue/Dialogue60/indiaFocus.htm Expanding Microcredit in India: A Great Opportunity for Poverty Alleviation], Grameen Dialogue.</ref>


== భౌగోళిక శాస్త్రజ్ఞులు మరియు భూ-శాస్త్రవేత్తలు ==
== భౌగోళిక శాస్త్రజ్ఞులు మరియు భూ-శాస్త్రవేత్తలు ==
{{see|Muslim Agricultural Revolution}}
{{see|Muslim Agricultural Revolution}}


* [[Muhammad]], discussed [[environmental philosophy]]<ref>S. Nomanul Haq, "Islam", in Dale Jamieson (2001), ''A Companion to Environmental Philosophy'', pp. 111-129 [119-129], [[Blackwell Publishing]], ISBN 140510659X.</ref>
* [[Muhammad]], discussed [[environmental philosophy]]<ref>S. Nomanul Haq, "Islam", in Dale Jamieson (2001), ''A Companion to Environmental Philosophy'', pp. 111-129 [119-129], [[Blackwell Publishing]], ISBN 1-4051-0659-X.</ref>
* [[Al-Masudi]], the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of [[historical geography]]<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9051339 Mas'udi, al-." ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', 2006.</ref>
* [[Al-Masudi]], the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of [[historical geography]]<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9051339 Mas'udi, al-." ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', 2006.</ref>
* [[Al-Kindi]], pioneer of [[environmental science]]<ref>L. Gari (2002), "Arabic Treatises on Environmental Pollution up to the End of the Thirteenth Century", ''Environment and History'' '''8''' (4), pp. 475-488.</ref>
* [[Al-Kindi]], pioneer of [[environmental science]]<ref>L. Gari (2002), "Arabic Treatises on Environmental Pollution up to the End of the Thirteenth Century", ''Environment and History'' '''8''' (4), pp. 475-488.</ref>
పంక్తి 226: పంక్తి 226:
* [[Muhammad Baqir Yazdi]]
* [[Muhammad Baqir Yazdi]]
* [[Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī]] (1412-1482), pioneer of [[Mathematical notation|symbolic algebra]]<ref name=Qalasadi>{{MacTutor Biography|id=Al-Qalasadi|title= Abu'l Hasan ibn Ali al Qalasadi}}</ref>
* [[Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī]] (1412-1482), pioneer of [[Mathematical notation|symbolic algebra]]<ref name=Qalasadi>{{MacTutor Biography|id=Al-Qalasadi|title= Abu'l Hasan ibn Ali al Qalasadi}}</ref>
*[[Lotfi Asker Zadeh]], [[Iran]]ian computer scientist; founder of [[Fuzzy Mathematics]] and [[fuzzy set]] theory<ref name=Zadeh>Zadeh, L.A. (1965) "Fuzzy sets", ''Information and Control'', 8, 338-353. </ref><ref name=Berkeley>[http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~zadeh Professor Lotfi A. Zadeh], [[University of California, Berkeley]]</ref>
* [[Lotfi Asker Zadeh]], [[Iran]]ian computer scientist; founder of [[Fuzzy Mathematics]] and [[fuzzy set]] theory<ref name=Zadeh>Zadeh, L.A. (1965) "Fuzzy sets", ''Information and Control'', 8, 338-353. </ref><ref name=Berkeley>[http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~zadeh Professor Lotfi A. Zadeh], [[University of California, Berkeley]]</ref>
* [[Cumrun Vafa]]
* [[Cumrun Vafa]]
* [[Jeffrey Lang]] Professor at the [[University of Kansas]] converted to [[Islam]] from [[atheism]]
* [[Jeffrey Lang]] Professor at the [[University of Kansas]] converted to [[Islam]] from [[atheism]]
పంక్తి 247: పంక్తి 247:
* [[Ibn Zuhr]] (Avenzoar), pioneer of [[neurology]] and [[neuropharmacology]]<ref name=Martinez/>
* [[Ibn Zuhr]] (Avenzoar), pioneer of [[neurology]] and [[neuropharmacology]]<ref name=Martinez/>
* [[Averroes]], pioneer of [[Parkinson's disease]]<ref name=Martinez/>
* [[Averroes]], pioneer of [[Parkinson's disease]]<ref name=Martinez/>
* [[Ibn Tufail]], pioneer of [[tabula rasa]] and [[nature versus nurture]]<ref name=Russell>G. A. Russell (1994), ''The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England'', pp. 224-262, [[Brill Publishers]], ISBN 9004094598.</ref>
* [[Ibn Tufail]], pioneer of [[tabula rasa]] and [[nature versus nurture]]<ref name=Russell>G. A. Russell (1994), ''The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England'', pp. 224-262, [[Brill Publishers]], ISBN 90-04-09459-8.</ref>
* [[Teepu Siddique]], neurologist and pioneer in neurogenetics and ALS.
* [[Teepu Siddique]], neurologist and pioneer in neurogenetics and ALS.


పంక్తి 254: పంక్తి 254:
{{See|Islamic medicine}}
{{See|Islamic medicine}}


* [[ముహమ్మద్]], discussed [[Infectious disease|contagion]]<ref name=Conrad>Lawrence I. Conrad and Dominik Wujastyk (2000), ''Contagion: Perspectives from Pre-Modern Societies'', "A Ninth-Century Muslim Scholar's Discussion". [[Ashgate]], ISBN 0754602583.</ref><ref>Michael W. Dols (1983), "The Leper in Medieval Islamic Society", ''Speculum'' '''58''' (4), p. 891-916.</ref> and early Islamic medical treatments<ref name=Deuraseh>Nurdeen Deuraseh, "Ahadith of the Prophet (s.a.w) on Healing in Three Things (al-Shifa’ fi Thalatha): An Interpretational", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'', 2003 (4): 14-20.</ref>
* [[ముహమ్మద్]], discussed [[Infectious disease|contagion]]<ref name=Conrad>Lawrence I. Conrad and Dominik Wujastyk (2000), ''Contagion: Perspectives from Pre-Modern Societies'', "A Ninth-Century Muslim Scholar's Discussion". [[Ashgate]], ISBN 0-7546-0258-3.</ref><ref>Michael W. Dols (1983), "The Leper in Medieval Islamic Society", ''Speculum'' '''58''' (4), p. 891-916.</ref> and early Islamic medical treatments<ref name=Deuraseh>Nurdeen Deuraseh, "Ahadith of the Prophet (s.a.w) on Healing in Three Things (al-Shifa’ fi Thalatha): An Interpretational", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'', 2003 (4): 14-20.</ref>
* [[:en:Calid|Khalid ibn Yazid]] (Calid)
* [[:en:Calid|Khalid ibn Yazid]] (Calid)
* [[:en:Jafar al-Sadiq]]
* [[:en:Jafar al-Sadiq]]
పంక్తి 271: పంక్తి 271:
* [[:en:Abu Gaafar Amed ibn Ibrahim ibn abi Halid al-Gazzar]] (10th century), pioneer of [[dental restoration]]<ref>Salma Almahdi (2003), "Muslim Scholar Contribution in Restorative Dentistry", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'' '''2''', pp. 56-57.</ref>
* [[:en:Abu Gaafar Amed ibn Ibrahim ibn abi Halid al-Gazzar]] (10th century), pioneer of [[dental restoration]]<ref>Salma Almahdi (2003), "Muslim Scholar Contribution in Restorative Dentistry", ''Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'' '''2''', pp. 56-57.</ref>
* [[:en:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi]] (Abulcasis) - father of modern [[surgery]], and pioneer of [[neurosurgery]],<ref name=Martinez/> [[craniotomy]],<ref name=Abouleish/> [[hematology]]<ref name=Patricia>Patricia Skinner (2001), [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2603/is_0007/ai_2603000716 Unani-tibbi], ''Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine''</ref> and [[dental surgery]]<ref>Henry W. Noble, PhD (2002), [http://www.rcpsg.ac.uk/hdrg/2002oct4.htm Tooth transplantation: a controversial story], History of Dentistry Research Group, Scottish Society for the History of Medicine.</ref>
* [[:en:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi]] (Abulcasis) - father of modern [[surgery]], and pioneer of [[neurosurgery]],<ref name=Martinez/> [[craniotomy]],<ref name=Abouleish/> [[hematology]]<ref name=Patricia>Patricia Skinner (2001), [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2603/is_0007/ai_2603000716 Unani-tibbi], ''Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine''</ref> and [[dental surgery]]<ref>Henry W. Noble, PhD (2002), [http://www.rcpsg.ac.uk/hdrg/2002oct4.htm Tooth transplantation: a controversial story], History of Dentistry Research Group, Scottish Society for the History of Medicine.</ref>
* [[ఇబ్నె హైతామ్]] (Alhacen), pioneer of [[eye surgery]], [[visual system]]<ref name=Saad>Bashar Saad, Hassan Azaizeh, Omar Said (October 2005). "Tradition and Perspectives of Arab Herbal Medicine: A Review", ''Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine'' '''2''' (4), p. 475-479 [476]. [[Oxford University Press]].</ref> and [[visual perception]]<ref name=Steffens>Bradley Steffens (2006). ''Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist'', Chapter 5. Morgan Reynolds Publishing. ISBN 1599350246.</ref>
* [[ఇబ్నె హైతామ్]] (Alhacen), pioneer of [[eye surgery]], [[visual system]]<ref name=Saad>Bashar Saad, Hassan Azaizeh, Omar Said (October 2005). "Tradition and Perspectives of Arab Herbal Medicine: A Review", ''Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine'' '''2''' (4), p. 475-479 [476]. [[Oxford University Press]].</ref> and [[visual perception]]<ref name=Steffens>Bradley Steffens (2006). ''Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist'', Chapter 5. Morgan Reynolds Publishing. ISBN 1-59935-024-6.</ref>
* [[అల్బెరూని]]
* [[అల్బెరూని]]
* [[ఇబ్నెసీనా]] (Ibn Sina) (980-1037) - father of modern [[medicine]],<ref name=Cesk>Cas Lek Cesk (1980). "The father of medicine, Avicenna, in our science and culture: Abu Ali ibn Sina (980-1037)", ''Becka J.'' '''119''' (1), p. 17-23.</ref> founder of [[Unani]] medicine,<ref name=Patricia/> pioneer of [[Biomedical research|experimental medicine]], [[evidence-based medicine]], [[pharmaceutical sciences]], [[clinical pharmacology]],<ref name=Tschanz>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", ''Heart Views'' '''4''' (2).</ref> [[aromatherapy]],<ref>Marlene Ericksen (2000). ''Healing with Aromatherapy'', p. 9. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0658003828.</ref> [[Pulse|pulsology and sphygmology]],<ref>Rachel Hajar (1999), "The Greco-Islamic Pulse", ''Heart Views'' '''1''' (4), pp. 136-140 [138-140].</ref> and also a philosopher
* [[ఇబ్నెసీనా]] (Ibn Sina) (980-1037) - father of modern [[medicine]],<ref name=Cesk>Cas Lek Cesk (1980). "The father of medicine, Avicenna, in our science and culture: Abu Ali ibn Sina (980-1037)", ''Becka J.'' '''119''' (1), p. 17-23.</ref> founder of [[Unani]] medicine,<ref name=Patricia/> pioneer of [[Biomedical research|experimental medicine]], [[evidence-based medicine]], [[pharmaceutical sciences]], [[clinical pharmacology]],<ref name=Tschanz>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", ''Heart Views'' '''4''' (2).</ref> [[aromatherapy]],<ref>Marlene Ericksen (2000). ''Healing with Aromatherapy'', p. 9. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-658-00382-8.</ref> [[Pulse|pulsology and sphygmology]],<ref>Rachel Hajar (1999), "The Greco-Islamic Pulse", ''Heart Views'' '''1''' (4), pp. 136-140 [138-140].</ref> and also a philosopher
* [[:en:Ibn Miskawayh]]
* [[:en:Ibn Miskawayh]]
* [[:en:Ibn Zuhr]] (Avenzoar) - father of experimental [[surgery]],<ref name=Rabie2006>Rabie E. Abdel-Halim (2006), "Contributions of Muhadhdhab Al-Deen Al-Baghdadi to the progress of medicine and urology", ''Saudi Medical Journal'' '''27''' (11): 1631-1641.</ref> and pioneer of experimental [[anatomy]], experimental [[physiology]], human [[dissection]], [[autopsy]]<ref name=Hutchinson>[http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Islamic+medicine Islamic medicine], ''[[Hutchinson Encyclopedia]]''.</ref> and [[tracheotomy]]<ref name=Makki>A. I. Makki. "Needles & Pins", ''AlShindagah'' '''68''', January-February 2006.</ref>
* [[:en:Ibn Zuhr]] (Avenzoar) - father of experimental [[surgery]],<ref name=Rabie2006>Rabie E. Abdel-Halim (2006), "Contributions of Muhadhdhab Al-Deen Al-Baghdadi to the progress of medicine and urology", ''Saudi Medical Journal'' '''27''' (11): 1631-1641.</ref> and pioneer of experimental [[anatomy]], experimental [[physiology]], human [[dissection]], [[autopsy]]<ref name=Hutchinson>[http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Islamic+medicine Islamic medicine], ''[[Hutchinson Encyclopedia]]''.</ref> and [[tracheotomy]]<ref name=Makki>A. I. Makki. "Needles & Pins", ''AlShindagah'' '''68''', January-February 2006.</ref>
పంక్తి 310: పంక్తి 310:
* [[:en:Ibn Yunus]], 10th century
* [[:en:Ibn Yunus]], 10th century
* [[:en:Al-Karaji]], 10th century
* [[:en:Al-Karaji]], 10th century
* [[ఇబ్నె హైతాం]] (Alhacen), 11th century [[Iraq]]i scientist, father of [[optics]],<ref name=Deek>Dr. Mahmoud Al Deek. "Ibn Al-Haitham: Master of Optics, Mathematics, Physics and Medicine", ''Al Shindagah'', November-December 2004.</ref> pioneer of [[scientific method]]<ref>Rosanna Gorini (2003), "Al-Haytham the Man of Experience: First Steps in the Science of Vision", ''International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'', Institute of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Psychobiology and Psychopharmacology, Rome, Italy.</ref> and [[experimental physics]],<ref>Rüdiger Thiele (2005). "In Memoriam: Matthias Schramm", ''Arabic Sciences and Philosophy'' '''15''', p. 329–331. [[Cambridge University Press]].</ref> considered the "first [[scientist]]"<ref>Bradley Steffens (2006), ''Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist'', Morgan Reynolds Publishing, ISBN 1599350246.</ref>
* [[ఇబ్నె హైతాం]] (Alhacen), 11th century [[Iraq]]i scientist, father of [[optics]],<ref name=Deek>Dr. Mahmoud Al Deek. "Ibn Al-Haitham: Master of Optics, Mathematics, Physics and Medicine", ''Al Shindagah'', November-December 2004.</ref> pioneer of [[scientific method]]<ref>Rosanna Gorini (2003), "Al-Haytham the Man of Experience: First Steps in the Science of Vision", ''International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine'', Institute of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Psychobiology and Psychopharmacology, Rome, Italy.</ref> and [[experimental physics]],<ref>Rüdiger Thiele (2005). "In Memoriam: Matthias Schramm", ''Arabic Sciences and Philosophy'' '''15''', p. 329–331. [[Cambridge University Press]].</ref> considered the "first [[scientist]]"<ref>Bradley Steffens (2006), ''Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist'', Morgan Reynolds Publishing, ISBN 1-59935-024-6.</ref>
* [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]], 11th century, pioneer of [[:Category:Experimental mechanics|experimental mechanics]]<ref>Mariam Rozhanskaya and I. S. Levinova (1996), "Statics", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., ''[[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]]'', Vol. 2, p. 614-642 [642], [[Routledge]], London and New York.</ref>
* [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]], 11th century, pioneer of [[:Category:Experimental mechanics|experimental mechanics]]<ref>Mariam Rozhanskaya and I. S. Levinova (1996), "Statics", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., ''[[Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science]]'', Vol. 2, p. 614-642 [642], [[Routledge]], London and New York.</ref>
* [[అవిసెన్నా]], 11th century
* [[అవిసెన్నా]], 11th century
పంక్తి 341: పంక్తి 341:
* [[:en:Munir Nayfeh]]
* [[:en:Munir Nayfeh]]


== రాజకీయ శాస్త్రవేత్తలు==
== రాజకీయ శాస్త్రవేత్తలు ==
* [[బేనజీర్ భుట్టో]]
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10:52, 14 జనవరి 2010 నాటి కూర్పు

ముస్లిం శాస్త్రవేత్తలు

ముస్లిం ప్రపంచంలో శాస్త్రాలు శాస్త్తీయ చరిత్రలో ప్రముఖ పాత్రను పోషించాయి. ముస్లిం ప్రపంచానికి చెందిన అనేక శాస్త్రజ్ఞులు మానవాళికి సేవ చేసారు.

ముస్లిం శాస్త్రజ్ఞుల జాబితా :

ఖగోళ శాస్త్రజ్ఞులు మరియు ఖగోళ భౌతిక శాస్త్రవేత్తలు

ప్రధాన వ్యాసం: ముస్లిం ఖగోళ శాస్త్రజ్ఞుల జాబితా
Further information: ఇస్లామీయ ఖగోళ శాస్త్రము

రసాయనిక శాస్త్రజ్ఞులు మరియు అల్కెమిస్టులు

Further information: అల్‌కెమీ (ఇస్లాం) and అల్‌కెమీ

విత్త శాస్త్రవేత్తలు మరియు సామాజిక శాస్త్రవేత్తలు

Further information: Islamic sociology, Early Muslim sociology, and Islamic economics in the world
ఇవి కూడా చూడండి: List of Muslim historians and Historiography of early Islam

భౌగోళిక శాస్త్రజ్ఞులు మరియు భూ-శాస్త్రవేత్తలు

Further information: Muslim Agricultural Revolution

Mathematicians

Further information: Islamic mathematics: Biographies

Neuroscientists and Psychologists

Further information: Islamic psychological thought

Physicians and Surgeons

ప్రధాన వ్యాసం: Muslim doctors
Further information: Islamic medicine

భౌతిక శాస్త్రన్జులు

Further information: Islamic physics

రాజకీయ శాస్త్రవేత్తలు

ఇతర శాస్త్రాల శాస్త్రజ్ఞులు మరియు కనుగొన్నవారు

ఇవీ చూడండి

మూలాలు

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  32. ↑ Professor Lotfi A. Zadeh, University of California, Berkeley
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Nurdeen Deuraseh and Mansor Abu Talib (2005), "Mental health in Islamic medical tradition", The International Medical Journal 4 (2), p. 76-79.
  34. ↑ Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357-377 [375].
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  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 Martin-Araguz, A.; Bustamante-Martinez, C.; Fernandez-Armayor, Ajo V.; Moreno-Martinez, J. M. (2002). "Neuroscience in al-Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine", Revista de neurología 34 (9), p. 877-892.
  41. ↑ Omar Khaleefa (Summer 1999). "Who Is the Founder of Psychophysics and Experimental Psychology?", American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 16 (2).
  42. ↑ Muhammad Iqbal, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, "The Spirit of Muslim Culture"
  43. ↑ S Safavi-Abbasi, LBC Brasiliense, RK Workman (2007), "The fate of medical knowledge and the neurosciences during the time of Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire", Neurosurgical Focus 23 (1), E13, p. 3.
  44. ↑ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1996). History of Islamic Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 315 & 1022-1023. ISBN 0415131596. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  45. ↑ G. A. Russell (1994), The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England, pp. 224-262, Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-09459-8.
  46. ↑ Lawrence I. Conrad and Dominik Wujastyk (2000), Contagion: Perspectives from Pre-Modern Societies, "A Ninth-Century Muslim Scholar's Discussion". Ashgate, ISBN 0-7546-0258-3.
  47. ↑ Michael W. Dols (1983), "The Leper in Medieval Islamic Society", Speculum 58 (4), p. 891-916.
  48. ↑ Nurdeen Deuraseh, "Ahadith of the Prophet (s.a.w) on Healing in Three Things (al-Shifa’ fi Thalatha): An Interpretational", Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, 2003 (4): 14-20.
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  50. ↑ Felix Klein-Frank (2001), Al-Kindi, in Oliver Leaman and Hossein Nasr, History of Islamic Philosophy, p. 172. Routledge, London.
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  53. ↑ Salma Almahdi (2003), "Muslim Scholar Contribution in Restorative Dentistry", Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine 2, pp. 56-57.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Patricia Skinner (2001), Unani-tibbi, Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine
  55. ↑ Henry W. Noble, PhD (2002), Tooth transplantation: a controversial story, History of Dentistry Research Group, Scottish Society for the History of Medicine.
  56. ↑ Bashar Saad, Hassan Azaizeh, Omar Said (October 2005). "Tradition and Perspectives of Arab Herbal Medicine: A Review", Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2 (4), p. 475-479 [476]. Oxford University Press.
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