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'''Belarus''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Belarus.ogg|b|ɛ|l|ə|ˈ|r|uː|s}} {{Respell|be|lə|ROOS}}; {{lang-be|Беларусь|translit=Biełaruś}}; {{IPA-be|bʲɛlaˈrusʲ|IPA}}; {{lang-rus|Беларусь||bʲɪlɐˈrusʲ}}), officially the '''Republic of Belarus''' ({{lang-be|Рэспубліка Беларусь}}; {{lang-rus|Республика Беларусь}}), formerly known by its [[Russian language|Russian]] name '''Byelorussia''' or '''Belorussia''' ({{lang-rus|Белоруссия}}), is a [[landlocked country]] in [[Eastern Europe]]<ref name="unee">{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#europe|title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)|accessdate=22 April 2010|publisher=United Nations Organization|date=1 April 2010|author=UN Statistics Division|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417070721/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm|archivedate=17 April 2010|deadurl=no}}</ref> bordered by [[Russia]] to the northeast, [[Ukraine]] to the south, [[Poland]] to the west, and [[Lithuania]] and [[Latvia]] to the northwest. Its capital and most populous city is [[Minsk]]. Over 40% of its {{convert|207600|km2}} is forested. Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/publications/belarus_in_figures/2012/about.php| title=Contents| publisher=Belstat.gov.by| accessdate=4 October 2012| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118020305/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/publications/belarus_in_figures/2012/about.php| archivedate=18 January 2013| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Until the 20th century, different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus, including the [[Principality of Polotsk]] (11th to 14th centuries), the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], and the [[Russian Empire]].

In the aftermath of the 1917 [[Russian Revolution]], Belarus declared independence as the [[Belarusian People's Republic]], which was conquered by Soviet Russia. The [[Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia]] became a founding [[Republics of the Soviet Union|constituent republic of the Soviet Union]] in 1922 and was renamed as the [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (Byelorussian SSR). Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the [[Polish–Soviet War]] of 1919–1921. Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939, when some lands of the [[Second Polish Republic]] were reintegrated into it after the [[Soviet invasion of Poland]], and were finalized after World War&nbsp;II.<ref name="uni1">{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o85YDMTeMrUC&dq=reunification+of+western+belarus| title=National purpose in the world economy: post-Soviet states in comparative perspective| last=Abdelal| first=Rawi| year=2001| publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]| isbn=978-0-8014-3879-0}}</ref><ref name="uni2">{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGA4o-UhAfgC&pg=PA713&dq=reunification+of+western+belarus#v=onepage&q=&f=false| title=Europa World Year, Book 1| last=Taylor & Francis Group| year=2004| publisher=[[Routledge|Europa publications]] |isbn= 978-1-85743-254-1}}</ref><ref name="uni3"/> During WWII, military operations devastated Belarus, which lost about a third of its population and more than half of its economic resources.<ref name="axell">{{cite book| last=Axell| first=Albert| title=Russia's Heroes, 1941–45| publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers| year=2002| page=247| isbn=0-7867-1011-X}}</ref> The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years. In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the [[United Nations]], along with the Soviet Union and the [[Ukrainian SSR]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/members/growth.shtml |title=United Nations member States – Growth in United Nations membership, 1945–present |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712192515/http://www.un.org/en/members/growth.shtml |archivedate=12 July 2014 |df= }}</ref>

The parliament of the republic proclaimed the [[sovereignty]] of Belarus on {{Nowrap|27 July}} 1990, and during the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], Belarus declared independence on {{Nowrap|25 August}} 1991.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bo.html| title=The World Factbook| publisher=cia.gov| accessdate=4 March 2016}}</ref> [[Alexander Lukashenko]] has served as the country's president since 1994. Belarus has been labeled "Europe's last dictatorship" by some Western journalists,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/07/belarus-inside-europes-last-dictatorship|accessdate=7 August 2014 |title=Belarus: inside Europe's last dictatorship |location=London |work=The Guardian|first=Sigrid|last=Rausing|date=7 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="reuters1">{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/04/us-belarus-dicator-idUSTRE8230T320120304 | agency=[[Reuters]] | title=Belarus's Lukashenko: "Better a dictator than gay" |quote=...German Foreign Minister's branding him 'Europe's last dictator'|location=Berlin |date=4 March 2012}}</ref> on account of Lukashenko's self-described [[authoritarian]] style of government.<ref>{{cite news|title=Profile: Alexander Lukashenko|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3882843.stm|accessdate=7 August 2014|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|date=9 January 2007|quote='..an authoritarian ruling style is characteristic of me [Lukashenko]'}}</ref><ref name="HRW">{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/01/13/belaru9878.htm |title=Essential Background&nbsp;– Belarus |accessdate=26 March 2006 |year=2005 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref name="amnesty"/> Lukashenko continued a number of Soviet-era policies, such as [[state ownership]] of large sections of the economy. Elections under Lukashenko's rule have been widely criticized as unfair; and according to many countries and organizations, political opposition has been violently suppressed. Belarus is also the last country in Europe using the [[Capital punishment in Belarus|death penalty]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/belarus| accessdate= 28 December 2010| title=Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights&nbsp;– Elections&nbsp;– Belarus}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2010/12/belaruss_election_0?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/bl/whatshouldtheeudo| accessdate=28 December 2010| title=Belarus's election: What should the EU do about Belarus?| date=27 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/news/latest-news/?view=News&id=504974682| accessdate=28 December 2010| title=Foreign Secretary expresses UK concern following Belarus elections| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513211744/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/news/latest-news/?view=News&id=504974682| archivedate=13 May 2011| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Belarus's [[Democracy Index]] rating was the lowest in Europe until 2014 (when it was passed by Russia), the country is labelled as "not free" by [[Freedom House]], as "repressed" in the [[Index of Economic Freedom]], and is rated as by far the worst country for [[press freedom]] in Europe in the [[Press Freedom Index|2013–14 Press Freedom Index]] published by [[Reporters Without Borders]], which ranks Belarus 157th out of 180 nations.<ref>{{citation| publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]| title=Press Freedom Index 2013/2014| date=January 2014| url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2014| accessdate=6 March 2014| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214000000/http://rsf.org/index2014/en-index2014.php| archivedate=14 February 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2000, Belarus and Russia signed a treaty for greater cooperation, forming the [[Union State]]. Over 70% of Belarus's population of 9.49&nbsp;million resides in urban areas. More than 80% of the population is ethnic [[Belarusians|Belarusian]], with sizable minorities of [[Russians]], [[Poles]] and [[Ukrainians]]. Since a referendum in 1995, the country has had two official languages: [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] and [[Russian language|Russian]]. The [[Constitution of Belarus]] does not declare any official religion, although the primary religion in the country is [[Belarusian Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Christianity]]. The second-most widespread religion, [[Catholic Church in Belarus|Roman Catholicism]], has a much smaller following; nevertheless, Belarus celebrates both Orthodox and Catholic versions of Christmas and Easter as [[Public holidays in Belarus|national holidays]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://president.gov.by/special/en/holidays_en/| title=The official Internet portal of the President of the Republic of Belarus. RusPDAVersion for Visually Impaired People| publisher=}}</ref> Belarus is the only European country to retain [[capital punishment by country|capital punishment]] in both [[Capital punishment in Belarus|law]] and [[Capital punishment in Europe|practice]].<ref>{{cite web| author=James Crisp| url=http://www.euractiv.com/sections/europes-east/belarus-and-ukrainan-rebels-keep-death-penalty-alive-europe-313427| title=Belarus and Ukrainan rebels keep death penalty alive in Europe| publisher=EurActiv| accessdate=4 March 2016}}</ref> Belarus is a member of the [[United Nations]] since its founding, the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]], [[Collective Security Treaty Organization|CSTO]], [[Eurasian Economic Union|EEU]], and the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. Belarus has shown no aspirations for joining the [[European Union]] but nevertheless maintains a [[Belarus–European Union relations|bilateral relationship with the organisation]], and likewise participates in two EU projects: the [[Central European Initiative]] and the [[Baku Initiative]].

==Etymology==<!--linked-->
The name ''Belarus'' is closely related with the term ''Belaya Rus{{'}}'', i.e., ''[[White Rus']]''. There are several claims to the origin of the name ''White Rus'.''<ref name="Zaprudnik 1993 2">{{Harvnb|Zaprudnik|1993|p=2}}</ref> An ethno-religious theory suggests that the name used to describe the part of old [[Ruthenia]]n lands within the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] that had been populated mostly by early Christianized [[Slavs]], as opposed to [[Black Ruthenia]], which was predominantly inhabited by pagan [[Balts]].<ref>Аб паходжанні назваў Белая і Чорная Русь (Eng. "About the Origins of the Names of White and Black Ruthenia"), Язэп Юхо (Joseph Juho), 1956.</ref>

An alternate explanation for the name comments on the white clothing worn by the local Slavic population.<ref name="Zaprudnik 1993 2"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Minahan|1998|p=35}}</ref> A third theory suggests that the old Rus' lands that were not conquered by the [[Tatars]] (i.e., Polatsk, Vitsiebsk and Mahilyow) had been referred to as "white". Other sources claim that, before 1267, the land not conquered by the [[Mongols]] was considered "White Rus'".<ref name="Zaprudnik 1993 2"/>

The name [[Rus' (region)|Rus']] is often conflated with its Latin forms [[Russia]] and [[Ruthenia]], thus Belarus is often referred to as ''White Russia'' or ''White Ruthenia''. The name first appeared in [[Medieval German literature|German]] and [[Medieval Latin literature|Latin]] [[medieval literature]]; the chronicles of [[Jan of Czarnków]] mention the imprisonment of Lithuanian grand duke [[Jogaila]] and his mother at "{{lang|la|Albae Russiae, Poloczk dicto}}" in 1381.<ref name="vauchez">{{Harvnb|Vauchez|Dobson|Lapidge|2001|p=163}}</ref> In some languages, including German and [[Dutch language|Dutch]], the country is generally called "White Russia" to this day (''{{lang|de|Weißrussland}}'' and ''{{lang|nl|Wit-Rusland}}'' respectively).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Laenderinformationen/00-SiHi/BelarusSicherheit.html |title=Belarus: Reise- und Sicherheitshinweise |work=Auswärtiges Amt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/reisadviezen/inhoud/belarus-wit-rusland|title=Reisadvies Belarus (Wit-Rusland) |publisher= }}</ref>

The Latin term "Alba Russia" was used again by [[Pope Pius VI]] in 1783 to recognize the [[Society of Jesus]] there, exclaiming "{{lang|la|Approbo Societatem Jesu in Alba Russia degentem, approbo, approbo}}."<ref>{{Harvnb|de Courson|1879|p=281}}</ref> The first known use of ''White Russia'' to refer to Belarus was in the late-16th century by Englishman Sir [[Jerome Horsey]], who was known for his close contacts with the Russian Royal Court.<ref name="alies">{{cite book |last=Bely |first=Alies |title=The chronicle of the White Russia: an essay on the history of one geographical name |publisher=Encyclopedix |year=2000 |location=Minsk, Belarus |isbn=985-6599-12-1 |ref=harv }}</ref> During the 17th century, the Russian [[tsar]]s used "White Rus" to describe the lands added from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.<ref>{{Harvnb|Plokhy|2001|p=327}}</ref>
[[File:Stemp Efrasinia Polackaja.jpg|thumb|Stamp with the [[Cross of Saint Euphrosyne|Cross of St. Euphrosyne]] from 1992|345x345px]]

The term ''Belorussia'' ({{lang-ru|link=no|Белору́ссия}}, the latter part similar but spelled and stressed differently from Росси́я, ''Russia'') first rose in the days of the [[Russian Empire]], and the Russian Tsar was usually styled "the Tsar of All the Russias", as ''Russia'' or the ''Russian Empire'' was formed by three parts of Russia—the [[Great Russia|Great]], [[Little Russia|Little]], and [[White Ruthenia|White]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=XAItI5C_JPUC&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=Belorussia+Russian+Empire |title=Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism |author=Philip G. Roeder |date=15 December 2011 |isbn=978-0-691-13467-3 }}</ref> This asserted that the territories are all Russian and all the peoples are also Russian; in the case of the Belarusians, they were variants of the Russian people.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=oUydX_3rG0AC&pg=PA385&lpg=PA385&dq=Belorussia+name |title=Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts |date=13 April 2011 |isbn=978-0-19-983799-1 }}</ref>

After the [[Bolshevik Revolution]] in 1917, the term "White Russia" caused some confusion, as it was also the name of the military force that opposed the red Bolsheviks.<ref>{{Harvnb|Richmond|1995|p=260}}</ref> During the period of the Byelorussian SSR, the term ''Byelorussia'' was embraced as part of a national consciousness. In western Belarus under Polish control, ''Byelorussia'' became commonly used in the regions of [[Białystok]] and [[Grodno]] during the interwar period.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ioffe |first=Grigory |title=Understanding Belarus and How Western Foreign Policy Misses the Mark |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc |date=25 February 2008 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=00B6wxgftH8C&pg=PA150&dq=west+belarus |isbn=0-7425-5558-5 }}</ref>

The term ''Byelorussia'' (its names in other languages such as English being based on the Russian form) was only used officially until 1991, when the [[Supreme Soviet of Belarus|Supreme Soviet]] of the Byelorussian SSR decreed by law that the new independent republic should be called ''Republic of Belarus'' ({{lang|ru|Республика Беларусь}} spelled in Russian), as well its abridged form should be "Belarus". The law decreed that all the forms of the new term should be transliterated into other languages from their [[Belarusian language]] forms. The use of Byelorussian SSR and any abbreviations thereof were allowed from 1991–93.<ref name="bynamelaw">{{cite web |url=http://pravo.kulichki.com/zak/year1991/doc47159.htm |title=Law of the Republic of Belarus—About the name of the Republic of Belarus |accessdate=6 October 2007 |date=19 September 1991 |publisher=Pravo—Law of the Republic of Belarus |language=Russian }}</ref> Conservative forces in the newly independent Belarus did not support the name change and opposed its inclusion in the 1991 draft of the [[Constitution of Belarus]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Ryder|1998|p=183}}</ref>

Accordingly, the name ''Byelorussia'' was replaced by ''Belarus'' in English.<ref name="Zaprudnik 1993 4-5">{{Harvnb|Zaprudnik|1993|pp=4–5}}</ref> Likewise, the adjective ''Belorussian'' or ''Byelorussian'' was replaced by ''Belarusian'' in English. ''Belarusian'' is closer to the original Russian term of ''{{lang|ru-Latn|bielaruski}}''.<ref name="Zaprudnik 1993 4-5"/> Belarusian intelligentsia in the [[Stalin era]] attempted to change the name from ''Byelorussia'' to a form of ''Krivia'' because of the supposed connection with Russia.<ref>{{Harvnb|Treadgold|Ellison|1999|p=230}}</ref> Some nationalists object to the name for the same reason.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://euroradio.fm/en/swedish-government-urged-change-belarus-official-name |title=Swedish government urged to change Belarus' official name |accessdate=2 February 2010|date=13 July 2009 |work=European Radio for Belarus }}</ref><ref name="levy">{{Harvnb|Levy|Spilling|2009|p=95}}</ref> Several local newspapers kept the old name of the country in Russian in their names, for example ''{{lang|ru-Latn|[[Komsomolskaya Pravda|Komsomolskaya Pravda v Byelorussii]]}}'', which is the localized publication of a popular Russian newspaper. Also, those who wish for Belarus to be reunited with Russia continue to use ''Belorussia''.<ref name="levy"/> Officially, the full name of the country is "Republic of Belarus" ({{lang|be|Рэспубліка Беларусь}}, {{lang|ru|Республика Беларусь}}, {{lang|be-Latn|Respublika Belarus}} {{Audio|Be-Republic of Belarus.oga|listen}}).<ref name="bynamelaw"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bo.html |title=Belarus&nbsp;– Government |accessdate=22 December 2007 |date=13 December 2007 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211220928/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bo.html |archivedate=11 December 2007 |deadurl=no }}</ref>


== బయటి లింకులు ==
== బయటి లింకులు ==

03:35, 3 డిసెంబరు 2017 నాటి కూర్పు

Рэспубліка Беларусь
Республика Беларусь
రిపబ్లిక్ ఆఫ్ బెలారస్
Flag of బెలారస్ బెలారస్ యొక్క National emblem
జాతీయగీతం
Мы, беларусы  (Belarusian)
My, Belarusy  (transliteration)
We Belarusians

బెలారస్ యొక్క స్థానం
బెలారస్ యొక్క స్థానం
Location of  బెలారస్  (orange)

on the European continent  (white)  —  [Legend]

రాజధాని
అతి పెద్ద నగరం
Minsk
53°55′N 27°33′E / 53.917°N 27.550°E / 53.917; 27.550
అధికార భాషలు Belarusian, Russian
ప్రజానామము Belarusian
ప్రభుత్వం Presidential republic
 -  President Alexander Lukashenko
 -  Prime Minister Sergey Sidorsky
Independence from the Soviet Union 
 -  Declared July 27, 1990 
 -  Established August 25, 1991 
 -  Completed December 25, 1991 
 -  జలాలు (%) negligible (2.830 km²)1
జనాభా
 -  2008 అంచనా 9,689,800[1] (86th)
 -  1999 జన గణన 10,045,200 
జీడీపీ (PPP) 2008 అంచనా
 -  మొత్తం $117.527 billion[2] (58th)
 -  తలసరి $12,344[2] (IMF) (65th)
జీడీపీ (nominal) 2008 అంచనా
 -  మొత్తం $57.681 billion[2] 
 -  తలసరి $6,058[2] (IMF) 
జినీ? (2002) 29.7 (low
మా.సూ (హెచ్.డి.ఐ) (2006) Increase 0.817 (high) (67th)
కరెన్సీ Belarusian ruble (BYR)
కాలాంశం EET (UTC+2)
 -  వేసవి (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
ఇంటర్నెట్ డొమైన్ కోడ్ .by
కాలింగ్ కోడ్ +375
1 "FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture". FAO. Retrieved 2008-04-04.

బెలారస్ లేదా బెలారుస్ (ఆంగ్లం:Belarus) (పాతపేరు: బైలో రష్యా, లేదా బెలో రష్యా) తూర్పు యూరప్ నందు గల ఒక భూపరివేష్టిత దేశం,[3] దీని ఉత్తరము మరియ్ తూర్పున రష్యా, దక్షిణాన ఉక్రెయిన్, పశ్చిమాన పోలాండ్ మరియు ఉత్తరానే లిథువేనియా మరియు లాత్వియా దేశాలు ఎల్లలు లేదా సరిహద్దులు గలిగివున్నవి. దీని రాజధాని మిన్‌స్క్ నగరం. [4] Belarus (/bɛləˈrs/ be--ROOS; మూస:Lang-be; మూస:IPA-be; రష్యన్: Беларусь, IPA: [bʲɪlɐˈrusʲ]), officially the Republic of Belarus (మూస:Lang-be; రష్యన్: Республика Беларусь), formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia (రష్యన్: Белоруссия), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe[3] bordered by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital and most populous city is Minsk. Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) is forested. Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing.[5] Until the 20th century, different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus, including the Principality of Polotsk (11th to 14th centuries), the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire.

In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution, Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People's Republic, which was conquered by Soviet Russia. The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (Byelorussian SSR). Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921. Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939, when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland, and were finalized after World War II.[6][7][8] During WWII, military operations devastated Belarus, which lost about a third of its population and more than half of its economic resources.[9] The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years. In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR.[10]

The parliament of the republic proclaimed the sovereignty of Belarus on 27 July 1990, and during the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Belarus declared independence on 25 August 1991.[11] Alexander Lukashenko has served as the country's president since 1994. Belarus has been labeled "Europe's last dictatorship" by some Western journalists,[12][13] on account of Lukashenko's self-described authoritarian style of government.[14][15][16] Lukashenko continued a number of Soviet-era policies, such as state ownership of large sections of the economy. Elections under Lukashenko's rule have been widely criticized as unfair; and according to many countries and organizations, political opposition has been violently suppressed. Belarus is also the last country in Europe using the death penalty.[17][18][19] Belarus's Democracy Index rating was the lowest in Europe until 2014 (when it was passed by Russia), the country is labelled as "not free" by Freedom House, as "repressed" in the Index of Economic Freedom, and is rated as by far the worst country for press freedom in Europe in the 2013–14 Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders, which ranks Belarus 157th out of 180 nations.[20]

In 2000, Belarus and Russia signed a treaty for greater cooperation, forming the Union State. Over 70% of Belarus's population of 9.49 million resides in urban areas. More than 80% of the population is ethnic Belarusian, with sizable minorities of Russians, Poles and Ukrainians. Since a referendum in 1995, the country has had two official languages: Belarusian and Russian. The Constitution of Belarus does not declare any official religion, although the primary religion in the country is Eastern Orthodox Christianity. The second-most widespread religion, Roman Catholicism, has a much smaller following; nevertheless, Belarus celebrates both Orthodox and Catholic versions of Christmas and Easter as national holidays.[21] Belarus is the only European country to retain capital punishment in both law and practice.[22] Belarus is a member of the United Nations since its founding, the Commonwealth of Independent States, CSTO, EEU, and the Non-Aligned Movement. Belarus has shown no aspirations for joining the European Union but nevertheless maintains a bilateral relationship with the organisation, and likewise participates in two EU projects: the Central European Initiative and the Baku Initiative.

Etymology

The name Belarus is closely related with the term Belaya Rus', i.e., White Rus'. There are several claims to the origin of the name White Rus'.[23] An ethno-religious theory suggests that the name used to describe the part of old Ruthenian lands within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that had been populated mostly by early Christianized Slavs, as opposed to Black Ruthenia, which was predominantly inhabited by pagan Balts.[24]

An alternate explanation for the name comments on the white clothing worn by the local Slavic population.[23][25] A third theory suggests that the old Rus' lands that were not conquered by the Tatars (i.e., Polatsk, Vitsiebsk and Mahilyow) had been referred to as "white". Other sources claim that, before 1267, the land not conquered by the Mongols was considered "White Rus'".[23]

The name Rus' is often conflated with its Latin forms Russia and Ruthenia, thus Belarus is often referred to as White Russia or White Ruthenia. The name first appeared in German and Latin medieval literature; the chronicles of Jan of Czarnków mention the imprisonment of Lithuanian grand duke Jogaila and his mother at "Albae Russiae, Poloczk dicto" in 1381.[26] In some languages, including German and Dutch, the country is generally called "White Russia" to this day (Weißrussland and Wit-Rusland respectively).[27][28]

The Latin term "Alba Russia" was used again by Pope Pius VI in 1783 to recognize the Society of Jesus there, exclaiming "Approbo Societatem Jesu in Alba Russia degentem, approbo, approbo."[29] The first known use of White Russia to refer to Belarus was in the late-16th century by Englishman Sir Jerome Horsey, who was known for his close contacts with the Russian Royal Court.[30] During the 17th century, the Russian tsars used "White Rus" to describe the lands added from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[31]

Stamp with the Cross of St. Euphrosyne from 1992

The term Belorussia (Russian: Белору́ссия, the latter part similar but spelled and stressed differently from Росси́я, Russia) first rose in the days of the Russian Empire, and the Russian Tsar was usually styled "the Tsar of All the Russias", as Russia or the Russian Empire was formed by three parts of Russia—the Great, Little, and White.[32] This asserted that the territories are all Russian and all the peoples are also Russian; in the case of the Belarusians, they were variants of the Russian people.[33]

After the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, the term "White Russia" caused some confusion, as it was also the name of the military force that opposed the red Bolsheviks.[34] During the period of the Byelorussian SSR, the term Byelorussia was embraced as part of a national consciousness. In western Belarus under Polish control, Byelorussia became commonly used in the regions of Białystok and Grodno during the interwar period.[35]

The term Byelorussia (its names in other languages such as English being based on the Russian form) was only used officially until 1991, when the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR decreed by law that the new independent republic should be called Republic of Belarus (Республика Беларусь spelled in Russian), as well its abridged form should be "Belarus". The law decreed that all the forms of the new term should be transliterated into other languages from their Belarusian language forms. The use of Byelorussian SSR and any abbreviations thereof were allowed from 1991–93.[36] Conservative forces in the newly independent Belarus did not support the name change and opposed its inclusion in the 1991 draft of the Constitution of Belarus.[37]

Accordingly, the name Byelorussia was replaced by Belarus in English.[38] Likewise, the adjective Belorussian or Byelorussian was replaced by Belarusian in English. Belarusian is closer to the original Russian term of bielaruski.[38] Belarusian intelligentsia in the Stalin era attempted to change the name from Byelorussia to a form of Krivia because of the supposed connection with Russia.[39] Some nationalists object to the name for the same reason.[40][41] Several local newspapers kept the old name of the country in Russian in their names, for example Komsomolskaya Pravda v Byelorussii, which is the localized publication of a popular Russian newspaper. Also, those who wish for Belarus to be reunited with Russia continue to use Belorussia.[41] Officially, the full name of the country is "Republic of Belarus" (Рэспубліка Беларусь, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus audio speaker iconlisten ).[36][42]

బయటి లింకులు

Belarus గురించిన మరింత సమాచారం కొరకు వికీపీడియా సోదర ప్రాజెక్టులు అన్వేషించండి

నిఘంటువు విక్షనరీ నుండి
పాఠ్యపుస్తకాలు వికీ పుస్తకాల నుండి
ఉదాహరణలు వికికోట్ నుండి
వికీసోర్సు నుండి వికీసోర్సు నుండి
చిత్రాలు, మీడియా చిత్రాలు, మీడియా నుండి
వార్తా కథనాలు వికీ వార్తల నుండి

వార్తలు మరియు మీడియా
ప్రభుత్వం
  1. The Ministry of Statistics and Analysis of the Republic of Belarus
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects".
  3. 3.0 3.1 UN Statistics Division (2007-08-28). "Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)". United Nations Organization. Retrieved 2007-12-07. ఉల్లేఖన లోపం: చెల్లని <ref> ట్యాగు; "unee" అనే పేరును విభిన్న కంటెంటుతో అనేక సార్లు నిర్వచించారు
  4. "Belarus: Window of Opportunity (see Table 15, page 66)" (PDF) (in English). United Nations.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  5. "Contents". Belstat.gov.by. Archived from the original on 18 జనవరి 2013. Retrieved 4 అక్టోబరు 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  6. Abdelal, Rawi (2001). National purpose in the world economy: post-Soviet states in comparative perspective. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-3879-0.
  7. Taylor & Francis Group (2004). Europa World Year, Book 1. Europa publications. ISBN 978-1-85743-254-1.
  8. ఉల్లేఖన లోపం: చెల్లని <ref> ట్యాగు; uni3 అనే పేరుగల ref లలో పాఠ్యమేమీ ఇవ్వలేదు
  9. Axell, Albert (2002). Russia's Heroes, 1941–45. Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 247. ISBN 0-7867-1011-X.
  10. "United Nations member States – Growth in United Nations membership, 1945–present". Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  11. "The World Factbook". cia.gov. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  12. Rausing, Sigrid (7 October 2012). "Belarus: inside Europe's last dictatorship". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  13. "Belarus's Lukashenko: "Better a dictator than gay"". Berlin. Reuters. 4 March 2012. ...German Foreign Minister's branding him 'Europe's last dictator'
  14. "Profile: Alexander Lukashenko". BBC News. BBC. 9 January 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2014. '..an authoritarian ruling style is characteristic of me [Lukashenko]'
  15. "Essential Background – Belarus". Human Rights Watch. 2005. Retrieved 26 March 2006.
  16. ఉల్లేఖన లోపం: చెల్లని <ref> ట్యాగు; amnesty అనే పేరుగల ref లలో పాఠ్యమేమీ ఇవ్వలేదు
  17. "Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights – Elections – Belarus". Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  18. "Belarus's election: What should the EU do about Belarus?". 27 December 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  19. "Foreign Secretary expresses UK concern following Belarus elections". Archived from the original on 13 మే 2011. Retrieved 28 డిసెంబరు 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  20. Press Freedom Index 2013/2014, Reporters Without Borders, జనవరి 2014, archived from the original on 14 ఫిబ్రవరి 2014, retrieved 6 మార్చి 2014 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  21. "The official Internet portal of the President of the Republic of Belarus. RusPDAVersion for Visually Impaired People".
  22. James Crisp. "Belarus and Ukrainan rebels keep death penalty alive in Europe". EurActiv. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  23. 23.0 23.1 23.2 Zaprudnik 1993, p. 2
  24. Аб паходжанні назваў Белая і Чорная Русь (Eng. "About the Origins of the Names of White and Black Ruthenia"), Язэп Юхо (Joseph Juho), 1956.
  25. Minahan 1998, p. 35
  26. Vauchez, Dobson & Lapidge 2001, p. 163
  27. "Belarus: Reise- und Sicherheitshinweise". Auswärtiges Amt.
  28. "Reisadvies Belarus (Wit-Rusland)".
  29. de Courson 1879, p. 281
  30. Bely, Alies (2000). The chronicle of the White Russia: an essay on the history of one geographical name. Minsk, Belarus: Encyclopedix. ISBN 985-6599-12-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  31. Plokhy 2001, p. 327
  32. Philip G. Roeder (15 December 2011). Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism. ISBN 978-0-691-13467-3.
  33. Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts. 13 April 2011. ISBN 978-0-19-983799-1.
  34. Richmond 1995, p. 260
  35. Ioffe, Grigory (25 February 2008). Understanding Belarus and How Western Foreign Policy Misses the Mark. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 41. ISBN 0-7425-5558-5.
  36. 36.0 36.1 "Law of the Republic of Belarus—About the name of the Republic of Belarus" (in Russian). Pravo—Law of the Republic of Belarus. 19 September 1991. Retrieved 6 October 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  37. Ryder 1998, p. 183
  38. 38.0 38.1 Zaprudnik 1993, pp. 4–5
  39. Treadgold & Ellison 1999, p. 230
  40. "Swedish government urged to change Belarus' official name". European Radio for Belarus. 13 July 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  41. 41.0 41.1 Levy & Spilling 2009, p. 95
  42. "Belarus – Government". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 13 December 2007. Archived from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 22 December 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
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