రాషిదూన్ ఖలీఫాలు: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

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===అబూబక్ర్===
===అబూబక్ర్===
{{main|అబూబక్ర్}}
{{main|అబూబక్ర్}}
Soon after Muhammad's death a gathering of prominent ''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]]'' and some of the ''[[Muhajirun]]'', in Medina, acclaimed Abu Bakr as the [[Succession to Muhammad|successor to Muhammad]] or the ''[[Caliph]]''.

Following his succession, various Arab tribes rebelled against Abu Bakr, refusing to pay the zakat, claiming that they would make the salah but wouldn't give charity. Abu Bakr insisted that the zakat and the salah both must be done to be a complete Muslim. This was the start of the ''[[Ridda wars]]'' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]] for the Wars of Apostasy).

After restoring peace in [[Arabia]], Abu Bakr directed his generals towards the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] and [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanid]] empires.

Some traditions about the origin of the ''Qur'an'' say that Abu Bakr was instrumental in preserving it in written form, as he was the first to order the collection of the sacred revelations.

Abu Bakr died in [[634]] in [[Medina]], naming [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]] as his successor shortly before his death.

===ఉమర్ ఇబ్న్ అల్ ఖత్తాబ్===
===ఉమర్ ఇబ్న్ అల్ ఖత్తాబ్===
{{main|ఉమర్ ఇబ్న్ ఖత్తాబ్}}
{{main|ఉమర్ ఇబ్న్ ఖత్తాబ్}}
Umar was named caliph through the same deliberation process that had brought Abu Bakr into leadership. During Umar's reign Muslims conquered [[Mesopotamia]], parts of [[Persian Empire|Persia]], [[Egypt]], [[Palestine]], [[Syria]], [[North Africa]] and [[Armenia]].

Umar (in English usually called Omar) was known for his simple, austere lifestyle. Rather than adopt the pomp and display affected by the rulers of the time, he continued to live much as he had when Muslims were poor and persecuted. In [[639]], his fourth year as caliph and the seventeenth year 17 since the Hijra, he decreed that the years of the Islamic era should be counted from the year of the Hijraand.

`Umar died in 644, after he was stabbed by [[Abu-Lu'lu'ah]] in the [[Masjid al Nabawi]] mosque in Medina.

Whilst on his deathbed, he was urged to select a successor, which he refused to do. He did however put a process in place for selection of a successor. This comprised the remaining members of the ten companions promised paradise ([[Al-Asharatu Mubashshirun]]) to elect from amongst themselves a Caliph within 3 days. The result of this process following his death was Uthman ibn Affan.


=== ఉస్మాన్ ఇబ్న్ అఫ్ఫాన్ ===
=== ఉస్మాన్ ఇబ్న్ అఫ్ఫాన్ ===
{{main|ఉస్మాన్ ఇబ్న్ అఫ్ఫాన్}}
{{main|ఉస్మాన్ ఇబ్న్ అఫ్ఫాన్}}
Uthman (in English often called Othman) reigned for twelve years, and during his rule, all of [[Iran]], most of North Africa, the [[Caucasus]] and [[Cyprus]] were conquered and incorporated into the Islamic empire. His rule was characterized by increasingly centralized control of revenues from the provinces, aided by governors drawn largely from his kinsmen in the Umayyad clan. Uthman appointed many of his kinsmen as governors of the new domains. Some of his governors were accused of corruption and misrule.

Uthman is perhaps best known for forming the committee which compiled the basic text of the [[Qur'an]] as it exists today. During the end of his reign, Uthman ordered the compilation of the text. He sent copies of the sacred text to each of the Muslim cities and garrison towns, and destroyed alternative versions. Some Companions of the prophet, who resisted this imposition, were flogged.


===అలీ ఇబ్న్ అబీ తాలిబ్===
===అలీ ఇబ్న్ అబీ తాలిబ్===
{{main|అలీ ఖిలాఫత్|మొదటి ఫిత్నా}}
{{main|అలీ ఖిలాఫత్|మొదటి ఫిత్నా}}
అలీ కాలంలో, ఫిత్నా (ఖలీఫాల పట్ల ద్రోహం) బయలుదేరింది.
After the death of Uthman, Medina was in political chaos for a number of days. Many of the companions approached Ali to take the role of Caliph, which he refused to do initially.

After his appointment as caliph, Ali dismissed several provincial governors, some of whom were relatives of Uthman, and replaced them with trusted aides such as [[Malik ibn Ashter]] . Ali then transferred his capital from Medina to [[Kufa]], the Muslim garrison city in what is now [[Iraq]]. The capital of the province of [[Syria]], [[Damascus]], was held by [[Muawiyah I|Mu'awiyah]], the governor of [[Syria]] and a kinsman of [[Uthman]], Ali's slain predecessor.<ref>[http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/SHIA/ALI.HTM Shi'a: 'Ali<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

His caliphate coincided with [[First Fitna]]. The First Fitna, 656&ndash;661 CE, followed the assassination of the third [[caliph]] ,[[Uthman Ibn Affan]], continued during the caliphate of [[Ali]], and was ended, on the whole, by [[Muawiyah I|Muawiyah]]'s assumption of the caliphate. This civil war is often called the [[Fitna (word)|Fitna]], and regretted as the end of the early unity of the Islamic [[ummah]] (nation). This civil war created permanent divisions within the Muslim community and Muslims were divided over who had the legitimate right to occupy the caliphate.<ref>See:
* Lapidus (2002), p.47
* Holt (1977a), pp. 70-72
* Tabatabaei (1979), pp.50-57</ref>

According to tradition, three Muslim zealots (purists later termed [[Kharijites]]) attempted to assassinate Ali, Mu'awiyah and `Amr, as the authors of disastrous feuds among the faithful. However, only the assassination of Ali succeeded. He died on the 21st of [[Ramadan]] in the city of Kufa (Iraq) in [[661]] CE.

==మిలిటరీ విస్తరణలు==
==మిలిటరీ విస్తరణలు==
రాషిదూన్ ఖలీఫాల కాలంలో మధ్య ప్రాచ్యం, ఓ శక్తివంతమైన రాజ్యంగా రూపొందింది.

During the period of the ''rashidun'', Islam became one of the most powerful states in the Middle East.

==సామాజిక పాలసీలు==
==సామాజిక పాలసీలు==
During his reign, Abu Bakr established the ''Bayt al-Mal'' or the state treasury. Umar expanded the treasury and established government building to administer the state finances.<ref>Nadvi (2000), pg. 411</ref>
During his reign, Abu Bakr established the ''Bayt al-Mal'' or the state treasury. Umar expanded the treasury and established government building to administer the state finances.<ref>Nadvi (2000), pg. 411</ref>

19:45, 24 మే 2008 నాటి కూర్పు

రాషిదూన్ ఖలీఫాలు (ఆంగ్లం : The Rightly Guided Caliphs లేదా The Righteous Caliphs) (అరబ్బీ الخلفاء الراشدون) సున్నీ ఇస్లాం ప్రకారం మొదటి నాలుగు 'రాషిదూన్ ఖిలాఫత్' ను స్థాపించిన ఖలీఫాలు. ఇబ్న్ మాజా మరియు అబూ దావూద్ హదీసుల ప్రకారం ముహమ్మద్ ప్రవక్త వారు సెలవిచ్చిన 'సవ్యమార్గంలో నడపబడిన నలుగురు ఖలీఫా'లు.[1]

చరిత్ర

ముహమ్మద్ ప్రవక్త తరువాత అయిన నలుగురు ఖలీఫాలనే రాషిదూన్ ఖలీఫాలు అంటారు.

రాషిదూన్ ఖలీఫాలు ప్రజలచేత ఎన్నుకోబడ్డ ఖలీఫాలు. వారు :

ముస్లిం పండితుడు తఫ్తజానీ ప్రకారం, హసన్ ఇబ్న్ అలీ 661 లో ఇరాక్ అధిపతిగా నియమింపబడ్డారు, వీరూ మరియు , ఉమర్ బిన్ అబ్దుల్ అజీజ్ (ఉమర్ II) కూడా గూడా రాషిదూన్ ఖలీఫాయే. ఇబాధీ ఆచారానుసారం ఉస్మానియా సామ్రాజ్యానికి చెందిన సులేమాన్ సుల్తాన్ మరియు అబ్దుల్ హమీద్ I రాషిదూన్ ఖలీఫాలే.

అబూబక్ర్

ఉమర్ ఇబ్న్ అల్ ఖత్తాబ్

ఉస్మాన్ ఇబ్న్ అఫ్ఫాన్

అలీ ఇబ్న్ అబీ తాలిబ్

అలీ కాలంలో, ఫిత్నా (ఖలీఫాల పట్ల ద్రోహం) బయలుదేరింది.

మిలిటరీ విస్తరణలు

రాషిదూన్ ఖలీఫాల కాలంలో మధ్య ప్రాచ్యం, ఓ శక్తివంతమైన రాజ్యంగా రూపొందింది.

సామాజిక పాలసీలు

During his reign, Abu Bakr established the Bayt al-Mal or the state treasury. Umar expanded the treasury and established government building to administer the state finances.[2]

Upon conquest, in almost all cases, the caliphs were burdened with the maintenance and construction of roads and bridges in return for the conquered nation's political loyalty.[3]

సివిల్ కార్యకలాపాలు

Civil welfare in Islam started in the form of the construction and purchase of wells. During the Caliphate, the Muslims repaired many of the aging wells in the lands they conquered.[4]

In addition to wells, the Muslims built many tanks and canals. Many canals were purchased, and new ones constructed. While some canals were excluded for the use of monks (such as a spring purchased by Talha), and the needy, most canals were open to general public use. Some canals were constructed between settlements, such as the Saad canal that provided water to Anbar, and the Abi Musa Canal to providing water to Basra.[5]

During a famine, Umar ibn al-Khattab ordered the construction of a canal in Egypt connecting the Nile with the sea. The purpose of the canal was to facilitate the transport of grain to Arabia through a sea-route, hitherto transported only by land. The canal was constructed within a year by Amr bin al Aas, and Abdus Salam Nadiv writes, Arabia was rid of famine for all the times to come."[6]

After four floods hit Mecca after Muhammad's death, Umar ordered the construction of two dams to protect the Kaaba. He also constructed a dam near Medina to protect its fountains from flooding.[7]

Settlements

The area of Basra was very sparsely populated when it was conquered by the Muslims. During the reign of Umar, the Muslim army found it a suitable place to construct a base. Later the area was settled and a mosque was erected.

Upon the conquest of Madyan, it was settled by Muslims. However, soon the environment was considered harsh and Umar ordered the resettlement of the 40,000 settlers to Kufa. The new buildings were constructed from mud bricks, instead of reeds, a material that was popular in the region, but caught fire easily.

During the conquest of Egypt the area of Fustat was used by the Muslim army as a base. Upon the conquest of Alexandria, the Muslims returned and settled in the same area. Initially the land was primarily used for pasture, but later buildings were constructed.[8]

Other already populated areas were greatly expanded. At Mosul, Harthama Arfaja, at the command of Umar, constructed a fort, few churches, a mosque and a locality for the Jewish population.[9]

సమయ పట్టిక

Please note that the years of Caliphs succession do not necessarily fall on the first day of the new year.

Ali ibn Abi TalibUthman ibn AffanUmar ibn al-KhattabAbu Bakr


నోట్స్

  1. Taraweeh: 8 or 20?
  2. Nadvi (2000), pg. 411
  3. Nadvi (2000), pg. 408
  4. Nadvi (2000), pg. 403-4
  5. Nadvi (2000), pg. 405-6
  6. Nadvi (2000), pg. 407-8
  7. Nadvi (2000), pg. 408
  8. Nadvi (2000), pg. 416-7
  9. Nadvi (2000), pg. 418

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