ఘనపరిమాణము: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

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దిద్దుబాటు సారాంశం లేదు
ట్యాగు: 2017 source edit
దిద్దుబాటు సారాంశం లేదు
పంక్తి 1: పంక్తి 1:
{{ambox
| type = serious
| image = none
| style = background:#FEE
| text =<div class="center">'''వికీపీడియా [[వికీపీడియా:తొలగింపు విధానం|తొలగింపు విధానం]] ప్రకారం ఈ పేజీని తొలగించాలి. కారణమేంటంటే: <br />''ఈ వ్యాసం 2009 అక్టోబరులో సృష్టించబడింది.అప్పటి నుండి మొలకగానే ఉంది.విస్తరించటానికి ప్రయత్నించగా సాంకేతిక పదాలలో ఉన్నందున విస్తరించటానికి సాధ్యంకాలేదు .దీనిని సృష్టించిన వాడుకరి లేదా ఇలాంటి వ్యాసాలలో అనుభవం ఉన్న మరే ఇతర వాడుకరులెవరైనా 2021 మే 11 వ తేదీలోపు విస్తరించనియెడల తొలగించాలి. '''''

ఈ ప్రతిపాదనపై మీ అభిప్రాయాన్ని [[వికీపీడియా:తొలగింపు కొరకు వ్యాసాలు/{{PAGENAME}}]] పేజీలో రాయండి.<br>
<span class="plainlinks"><small>''[[వికీపీడియా:నిర్వాహకులు|నిర్వాహకులూ]], ఈ పేజీని [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=delete}} తొలగించే ముందు] [[Special:Whatlinkshere/{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|ఇక్కడికి లింకున్న పేజీలు]], [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=history}} ఈ పేజీ చరిత్ర] ([{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|diff=0}} చివరి మార్పు]) లను పరిశీలించడం మరచిపోకండి[[మూస:Db-reason|.]] </small></span></div> }}
{{ #ifeq: {{NAMESPACE}} | బొమ్మ | [[వర్గం:తొలగించవలసిన బొమ్మలు]] | [[వర్గం:తొలగించవలసిన వ్యాసములు]]}}
{{Infobox physical quantity
{{Infobox physical quantity
| name = ఘనపరిమాణం
| name = ఘనపరిమాణం
పంక్తి 18: పంక్తి 9:
| dimension = '''L'''<sup>3</sup>
| dimension = '''L'''<sup>3</sup>
}}
}}
ఒక వస్తువు ఎంత పరిమాణాన్ని (స్థలాన్ని) ఆక్రమిస్తుందో దానిని ఆ వస్తువు యొక్క '''ఘనపరిమాణము''' (Volume) అంటారు. ఈ వస్తువు ఘన, ద్రవ, వాయు పదార్దమేదయినా కావచ్చును.
ఒక వస్తువు త్రిమితీయ అంతరాళంలో ఎంత పరిమాణాన్ని (స్థలాన్ని) ఆక్రమిస్తుందో దానిని ఆ వస్తువు యొక్క '''ఘనపరిమాణము''' అంటారు. ఈ వస్తువు ఘన, ద్రవ, వాయు, ప్లాస్మా పదార్దమేదయినా కావచ్చును.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/volume|title=Your Dictionary entry for "volume"|access-date=2010-05-01}}</ref> ఘనపరిమాణాన్ని ఎస్.పి ప్రమాణాలలో "ఘనపు మీటర్లు" లో కొలుస్తారు. ప్క పాత్ర ఘనపరిమాణం అనగా ఆ పత్ర సామర్థ్యాన్ని తెలియజేస్తుంది. అనగా ఆ పాత్రలో ఎంత పరిమాణంలో ప్రవాహి (ద్రవం లేదా వాయువు) పడుతుందో తెలియజేస్తుంది. త్రిమితీయ గణిత ఆకారాలకు నిర్ధిష్ట ఘనపరిమాణం ఉంటుంది. సాధారణ ఆకృతుల ఘనపరిమాణాలు అనగా క్రమాకారాలు, రేఖీయ అంచులు, వక్రతల ఆకారాల ఘనపరిమాణాలను అంకగణిత ఫార్ములాలతో కనుగొనవచ్చును.

సాధారణంగా అన్ని వస్తువులకి, వాటి [[విస్తీర్ణము|విస్తీర్ణాన్ని]] [[ఎత్తు]]తో హెచ్చిస్తే వచ్చే పరిణామమే ఆయా వస్తువుల '''ఘనపరిమాణము'''.
{{wiktionary}}<!--- both "formulae" and "formulas" are correct plurals of "formula" --->. Volumes of complicated shapes can be calculated with [[:en:Integral_calculus|integral calculus]] if a formula exists for the shape's boundary. One-dimensional figures (such as [[:en:Line_(mathematics)|lines]]) and [[:en:Two-dimensional|two-dimensional]] shapes (such as [[:en:Square_(geometry)|squares]]) are assigned zero volume in the three-dimensional space.

The volume of a solid (whether regularly or irregularly shaped) can be determined by [[:en:Displacement_(fluid)|fluid displacement]]. Displacement of liquid can also be used to determine the volume of a gas. The combined volume of two substances is usually greater than the volume of just one of the substances. However, sometimes one substance dissolves in the other and in such cases the combined volume is not [[:en:Additive_map|additive]].<ref>One litre of sugar (about 970 grams) can dissolve in 0.6 litres of hot water, producing a total volume of less than one litre. {{cite web|url=http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch18/soluble.php|title=Solubility|access-date=2010-05-01|quote=Up to 1800 grams of sucrose can dissolve in a liter of water.}}</ref>

In ''[[:en:Differential_geometry|differential geometry]]'', volume is expressed by means of the [[:en:Volume_form|volume form]], and is an important global [[:en:Riemannian_geometry|Riemannian]] [[:en:Invariant_(mathematics)|invariant]]. In ''[[:en:Thermodynamics|thermodynamics]]'', volume is a [[:en:Gas_volume|fundamental parameter]], and is a [[:en:Conjugate_variables_(thermodynamics)|conjugate variable]] to [[:en:Pressure|pressure]].

== Units ==
{{main|unit of volume}}
[[File:Volume_measurements_from_The_New_Student's_Reference_Work.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volume_measurements_from_The_New_Student's_Reference_Work.svg|thumb|220x220px|Volume measurements from the 1914 [[wikisource:The New Student's Reference Work|The New Student's Reference Work]].
{| class="navbox" style="width:200px;"
|+Approximate conversion to metric (mL)'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/appxc.cfm#4e|title=General Tables of Units of Measurement|publisher=NIST Weights and Measures Division|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210164956/http://ts.nist.gov/weightsandmeasures/publications/appxc.cfm|archive-date=2011-12-10|access-date=2011-01-12}}</ref>'''
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|Imp.|Imperial}}
! colspan="2" |U.S.
|-
!Liquid
!Dry
|-
|[[:en:Gill_(unit)|Gill]]
|142
|118
|138
|-
|[[:en:Pint|Pint]]
|568
|473
|551
|-
|[[:en:Quart|Quart]]
|1137
|946
|1101
|-
|[[:en:Gallon|Gallon]]
|4546
|3785
|4405
|}
]]
Any unit of [[:en:Length|length]] gives a corresponding unit of volume: the volume of a [[:en:Cube|cube]] whose sides have the given length. For example, a [[:en:Cubic_centimetre|cubic centimetre]] (cm<sup>3</sup>) is the volume of a cube whose sides are one [[:en:Centimetre|centimetre]] (1&nbsp;cm) in length.

In the [[:en:International_System_of_Units|International System of Units]] (SI), the standard unit of volume is the cubic metre (m<sup>3</sup>). The [[:en:Metric_system|metric system]] also includes the [[:en:Litre|litre]] (L) as a unit of volume, where one litre is the volume of a 10-centimetre cube. Thus

: 1 litre = (10 cm)<sup>3</sup> = 1000 cubic centimetres = 0.001 cubic metres,

so

: 1 cubic metre = 1000 litres.

Small amounts of liquid are often measured in [[:en:Millilitre|millilitres]], where

: 1 millilitre = 0.001 litres = 1 cubic centimetre.

In the same way, large amounts can be measured in megalitres, where

: 1 million litres = 1000 cubic metres = 1 megalitre.

Various other traditional units of volume are also in use, including the [[:en:Cubic_inch|cubic inch]], the [[:en:Cubic_foot|cubic foot]], the [[:en:Cubic_yard|cubic yard]], the [[:en:Cubic_mile|cubic mile]], the [[:en:Teaspoon|teaspoon]], the [[:en:Tablespoon|tablespoon]], the [[:en:Fluid_ounce|fluid ounce]], the [[:en:Fluid_dram|fluid dram]], the [[:en:Gill_(volume)|gill]], the [[:en:Pint|pint]], the [[:en:Quart|quart]], the [[:en:Gallon|gallon]], the [[:en:Minim_(unit)|minim]], the [[:en:Barrel_(unit)|barrel]], the [[:en:Cord_(unit)|cord]], the [[:en:Peck|peck]], the [[:en:Bushel|bushel]], the [[:en:Hogshead|hogshead]], the [[:en:Acre-foot|acre-foot]] and the [[:en:Board_foot|board foot]].{{see also2|[[List of unusual units of measurement#Volume|unusual]]|[[List of obsolete units of measurement#Volume (dry and liquid)|obsolete units of volume]]}}

== Related terms ==
''Capacity'' is defined by the [[:en:Oxford_English_Dictionary|Oxford English Dictionary]] as "the measure applied to the content of a vessel, and to liquids, grain, or the like, which take the shape of that which holds them".<ref>{{OED|capacity}}</ref> (The word ''capacity'' has other unrelated meanings, as in e.g. [[:en:Capacity_management|capacity management]].) Capacity is not identical in meaning to volume, though closely related; the capacity of a container is always the volume in its interior. Units of capacity are the [[:en:SI|SI]] litre and its derived units, and Imperial units such as [[:en:Gill_(unit)|gill]], [[:en:Pint|pint]], [[:en:Gallon|gallon]], and others. Units of volume are the cubes of [[:en:Units_of_length|units of length]]. In SI the units of volume and capacity are closely related: one litre is exactly 1 cubic decimetre, the capacity of a cube with a 10&nbsp;cm side. In other systems the conversion is not trivial; the capacity of a vehicle's fuel tank is rarely stated in cubic feet, for example, but in gallons (an imperial gallon fills a volume with 0.1605 cu ft).

The ''[[:en:Density|density]]'' of an object is defined as the ratio of the [[:en:Mass|mass]] to the volume.<ref>{{OED|density}}</ref> The inverse of density is ''[[:en:Specific_volume|specific volume]]'' which is defined as volume divided by mass. Specific volume is a concept important in [[:en:Thermodynamics|thermodynamics]] where the [[:en:Volume_(thermodynamics)|volume of a working fluid]] is often an important parameter of a system being studied.

The [[:en:Volumetric_flow_rate|volumetric flow rate]] in [[:en:Fluid_dynamics|fluid dynamics]] is the volume of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time (for example cubic meters per second [m<sup>3</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>]).

== Volume in calculus ==
{{Further|Volume element}}In [[:en:Calculus|calculus]], a branch of [[:en:Mathematics|mathematics]], the volume of a region ''D'' in '''R'''<sup>3</sup> is given by a [[:en:Multiple_integral|triple integral]] of the constant [[:en:Function_(mathematics)|function]] <math>f(x,y,z)=1</math> over the region and is usually written as:

: <math>\iiint\limits_D 1 \,dx\,dy\,dz.</math>

In [[:en:Cylindrical_coordinate_system|cylindrical coordinates]], the volume integral is

: <math>\iiint\limits_D r\,dr\,d\theta\,dz, </math>

In [[:en:Spherical_coordinate_system|spherical coordinates]] (using the convention for angles with <math>\theta</math> as the azimuth and <math>\varphi</math> measured from the polar axis; see more on [[:en:Spherical_coordinate_system#Conventions|conventions]]), the volume integral is

: <math>\iiint\limits_D \rho^2 \sin\varphi \,d\rho \,d\theta\, d\varphi .</math>

== Volume formulas ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Shape
!Volume formula
!Variables
|-
|[[:en:Cube_(geometry)|Cube]]
| style="text-align:center" |<math>V=a^3\;</math>
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Wuerfel-1-tab.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wuerfel-1-tab.svg|85x85px]]
|-
|[[:en:Cuboid|Cuboid]]
| style="text-align:center" |<math>V=abc</math>
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Quader-1-tab.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quader-1-tab.svg|150x150px]]
|-
|[[:en:Prism_(geometry)|Prism]]
(''B'': [[:en:Area|area]] of base)
| style="text-align:center" |<math>V=B h</math>
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Prisma-1-e.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prisma-1-e.svg|120x120px]]
|-
|[[:en:Pyramid_(geometry)|Pyramid]]
(''B'': area of base)
| style="text-align:center" |<math>V=\frac{1}{3} B h</math>
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Pyramide-46-e.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyramide-46-e.svg|200x200px]]
|-
|[[:en:Parallelepiped|Parallelepiped]]
| style="text-align:center" |<math>V=a b c \sqrt{K}</math>{{paragraph}}<math>\begin{align}
K = 1 &+ 2\cos(\alpha)\cos(\beta)\cos(\gamma) \\
&- \cos^2(\alpha) - \cos^2(\beta) - \cos^2(\gamma)
\end{align}</math>
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Parallelepiped-1-tab.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parallelepiped-1-tab.svg|150x150px]]
|-
|Regular [[:en:Tetrahedron|tetrahedron]]
| style="text-align:center" |<math>V={\sqrt{2}\over12}a^3 \,</math>
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Tetraeder-1-tab.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tetraeder-1-tab.svg|100x100px]]
|-
|[[:en:Sphere|Sphere]]
| style="text-align:center" |<math>V=\frac{4}{3} \pi r^3 </math>
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Kugel-1-tab.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kugel-1-tab.svg|100x100px]]
|-
|[[:en:Ellipsoid|Ellipsoid]]
| style="text-align:center" |<math>V=\frac{4}{3}\pi abc</math>
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Ellipsoid-1-tab.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ellipsoid-1-tab.svg|150x150px]]
|-
|[[:en:Cylinder_(geometry)|Circular Cylinder]]
| style="text-align:center" |<math>V=\pi r^2 h</math>
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Zylinder-1-tab.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zylinder-1-tab.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[:en:Cone_(geometry)|Cone]]
| style="text-align:center" |<math>V=\frac{1}{3}\pi r^2 h</math>
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Kegel-1-tab.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kegel-1-tab.svg|100x100px]]
|-
|[[:en:Solid_torus|Solid torus]]
| style="text-align:center" |<math>V=2\pi^2 Rr^2</math>
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Torus-1-tab.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torus-1-tab.svg|200x200px]]
|-
|[[:en:Solid_of_revolution|Solid of revolution]]
| style="text-align:center" |<math>V= \pi \cdot \int_ {a}^b f(x)^2\mathrm{d}x </math>
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Vase-1-tab.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vase-1-tab.svg|220x220px]]
|-
|Solid body with continuous area


<math>A(x)</math> of its cross sections

(example: [[:en:Steinmetz_solid|Steinmetz solid]])
| style="text-align:center" |<math>V= \int_ {a}^b A(x)\mathrm{d}x </math>
|For the solid of revolution above:


<math>A(x)=\pi f(x)^2</math>
|}

=== Volume ratios for a cone, sphere and cylinder of the same radius and height ===
[[File:Inscribed_cone_sphere_cylinder.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inscribed_cone_sphere_cylinder.svg|thumb|350x350px|A cone, sphere and cylinder of radius ''r'' and height ''h'']]
The above formulas can be used to show that the volumes of a [[:en:Cone_(geometry)|cone]], sphere and [[:en:Cylinder_(geometry)|cylinder]] of the same radius and height are in the ratio '''1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3''', as follows.

Let the radius be ''r'' and the height be ''h'' (which is 2''r'' for the sphere), then the volume of the cone is

: <math>\frac{1}{3} \pi r^2 h = \frac{1}{3} \pi r^2 \left(2r\right) = \left(\frac{2}{3} \pi r^3\right) \times 1,</math>

the volume of the sphere is

: <math>\frac{4}{3} \pi r^3 = \left(\frac{2}{3} \pi r^3\right) \times 2,</math>

while the volume of the cylinder is

: <math>\pi r^2 h = \pi r^2 (2r) = \left(\frac{2}{3} \pi r^3\right) \times 3.</math>

The discovery of the '''2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3''' ratio of the volumes of the sphere and cylinder is credited to [[:en:Archimedes|Archimedes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Tomb/Cicero.html|title=Tomb of Archimedes: Sources|last=Rorres|first=Chris|publisher=Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences|access-date=2007-01-02}}</ref>

=== Volume formula derivations ===

==== Sphere ====
The volume of a [[:en:Sphere|sphere]] is the [[:en:Integral|integral]] of an infinite number of infinitesimally small circular [[:en:Disk_(mathematics)|disks]] of thickness ''dx''. The calculation for the volume of a sphere with center 0 and radius ''r'' is as follows.

The surface area of the circular disk is <math>\pi r^2 </math>.

The radius of the circular disks, defined such that the x-axis cuts perpendicularly through them, is

: <math>y = \sqrt{r^2 - x^2}</math>

or

: <math>z = \sqrt{r^2 - x^2}</math>

where y or z can be taken to represent the radius of a disk at a particular x value.

Using y as the disk radius, the volume of the sphere can be calculated as

: <math> \int_{-r}^r \pi y^2 \,dx = \int_{-r}^r \pi\left(r^2 - x^2\right) \,dx.</math>

Now

: <math>\int_{-r}^r \pi r^2\,dx - \int_{-r}^r \pi x^2\,dx = \pi \left(r^3 + r^3\right) - \frac{\pi}{3}\left(r^3 + r^3\right) = 2\pi r^3 - \frac{2\pi r^3}{3}.</math>

Combining yields <math>V = \frac{4}{3}\pi r^3.</math>

This formula can be derived more quickly using the formula for the sphere's [[:en:Surface_area|surface area]], which is <math>4\pi r^2</math>. The volume of the sphere consists of layers of infinitesimally thin spherical shells, and the sphere volume is equal to

: <math> \int_0^r 4\pi r^2 \,dr = \frac{4}{3}\pi r^3.</math>

==== Cone ====
The cone is a type of pyramidal shape. The fundamental equation for pyramids, one-third times base times altitude, applies to cones as well.

However, using calculus, the volume of a [[:en:Cone_(geometry)|cone]] is the [[:en:Integral|integral]] of an infinite number of infinitesimally thin circular [[:en:Disk_(mathematics)|disks]] of thickness ''dx''. The calculation for the volume of a cone of height ''h'', whose base is centered at (0, 0, 0) with radius ''r'', is as follows.

The radius of each circular disk is ''r'' if ''x'' = 0 and 0 if ''x'' = ''h'', and varying linearly in between—that is,

: <math>r \frac{h - x}{h}.</math>

The surface area of the circular disk is then

: <math> \pi \left(r\frac{h - x}{h}\right)^2 = \pi r^2\frac{(h - x)^2}{h^2}. </math>

The volume of the cone can then be calculated as

: <math> \int_0^h \pi r^2\frac{(h - x)^2}{h^2} dx, </math>

and after extraction of the constants

: <math>\frac{\pi r^2}{h^2} \int_0^h (h - x)^2 dx</math>

Integrating gives us

: <math>\frac{\pi r^2}{h^2}\left(\frac{h^3}{3}\right) = \frac{1}{3}\pi r^2 h.</math>

==== Polyhedron ====
{{main|Volume of a polyhedron}}

== Volume in differential geometry ==
{{main|Volume form}}In [[:en:Differential_geometry|differential geometry]], a branch of [[:en:Mathematics|mathematics]], a '''volume form''' on a [[:en:Differentiable_manifold|differentiable manifold]] is a [[:en:Differential_form|differential form]] of top degree (i.e., whose degree is equal to the dimension of the manifold) that is nowhere equal to zero. A manifold has a volume form if and only if it is orientable. An orientable manifold has infinitely many volume forms, since multiplying a volume form by a non-vanishing function yields another volume form. On non-orientable manifolds, one may instead define the weaker notion of a [[:en:Density_on_a_manifold|density]]. Integrating the volume form gives the volume of the manifold according to that form.

An [[:en:Orientation_(mathematics)|oriented]] [[:en:Pseudo-Riemannian_manifold|pseudo-Riemannian manifold]] has a natural volume form. In [[:en:Local_coordinates|local coordinates]], it can be expressed as

: <math>\omega = \sqrt{|g|} \, dx^1 \wedge \dots \wedge dx^n ,</math>

where the <math>dx^i</math> are [[:en:1-form|1-forms]] that form a positively oriented basis for the [[:en:Cotangent_bundle|cotangent bundle]] of the manifold, and <math>g</math> is the [[:en:Determinant|determinant]] of the matrix representation of the [[:en:Metric_tensor|metric tensor]] on the manifold in terms of the same basis.

== Volume in thermodynamics ==
{{Main|Volume (thermodynamics)}}In [[:en:Thermodynamics|thermodynamics]], the '''volume''' of a [[:en:Thermodynamic_system|system]] is an important [[:en:Extensive_parameter|extensive parameter]] for describing its [[:en:Thermodynamic_state|thermodynamic state]]. The '''specific volume''', an [[:en:Intensive_property|intensive property]], is the system's volume per unit of mass. Volume is a [[:en:Function_of_state|function of state]] and is interdependent with other thermodynamic properties such as [[:en:Pressure|pressure]] and [[:en:Thermodynamic_temperature|temperature]]. For example, volume is related to the [[:en:Pressure|pressure]] and [[:en:Thermodynamic_temperature|temperature]] of an [[:en:Ideal_gas|ideal gas]] by the [[:en:Ideal_gas_law|ideal gas law]].

== Volume computation ==
The task of numerically computing the volume of objects is studied in the field of [[:en:Computational_geometry|computational geometry]] in computer science, investigating efficient [[:en:Algorithm|algorithms]] to perform this computation, [[:en:Approximation_algorithm|approximately]] or [[:en:Exact_algorithm|exactly]], for various types of objects. For instance, the [[:en:Convex_volume_approximation|convex volume approximation]] technique shows how to approximate the volume of any [[:en:Convex_body|convex body]] using a [[:en:Oracle_machine|membership oracle]].

== See also ==
{{cmn|* [[Banach–Tarski paradox]]
* [[Conversion of units#Volume|Conversion of units]]
* [[Dimensional weight]]
* [[Dimensioning]]
* [[Length]]
* [[Measure (mathematics)|Measure]]
* [[Perimeter]]
* [[Volume (thermodynamics)]]
* [[Volumography]]
* [[Weight]]|colwidth=22em}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
దీనిని '''ఆయతనం''' అని కూడా అంటారు.
{{Commons category}}


* {{wikibooks-inline|Geometry|Chapter 8|Perimeters, Areas, Volumes}}
{{wiktionary}}
* {{wikibooks-inline|Calculus|Volume}}


[[వర్గం:భౌతిక శాస్త్రం]]
[[వర్గం:భౌతిక శాస్త్రం]]

06:44, 6 మే 2021 నాటి కూర్పు

ఘనపరిమాణం
ద్రవాల ఘనపరిమాణం కొలుచు కప్పు. ఈ కప్పు ఘనపరిమాణాన్ని కప్పులలో, ప్రవాహి ఔన్సులలో, మిల్లీ లీటర్లలో గణిస్తుంది.
Common symbols
V
SI ప్రమాణంఘనపు మీటర్ [మీ3]
Other units
లీటరు, ప్లూయిడ్ ఔన్సు, గాలన్, క్వార్ట్, పింట్, టి.ఎస్.పి, ప్లూయిడ్ డ్రాం, ఘనపు అంగుళం, ఘనపు యార్డు, బారెల్
In SI base unitsm3
DimensionL3

ఒక వస్తువు త్రిమితీయ అంతరాళంలో ఎంత పరిమాణాన్ని (స్థలాన్ని) ఆక్రమిస్తుందో దానిని ఆ వస్తువు యొక్క ఘనపరిమాణము అంటారు. ఈ వస్తువు ఘన, ద్రవ, వాయు, ప్లాస్మా పదార్దమేదయినా కావచ్చును.[1] ఘనపరిమాణాన్ని ఎస్.పి ప్రమాణాలలో "ఘనపు మీటర్లు" లో కొలుస్తారు. ప్క పాత్ర ఘనపరిమాణం అనగా ఆ పత్ర సామర్థ్యాన్ని తెలియజేస్తుంది. అనగా ఆ పాత్రలో ఎంత పరిమాణంలో ప్రవాహి (ద్రవం లేదా వాయువు) పడుతుందో తెలియజేస్తుంది. త్రిమితీయ గణిత ఆకారాలకు నిర్ధిష్ట ఘనపరిమాణం ఉంటుంది. సాధారణ ఆకృతుల ఘనపరిమాణాలు అనగా క్రమాకారాలు, రేఖీయ అంచులు, వక్రతల ఆకారాల ఘనపరిమాణాలను అంకగణిత ఫార్ములాలతో కనుగొనవచ్చును.

. Volumes of complicated shapes can be calculated with integral calculus if a formula exists for the shape's boundary. One-dimensional figures (such as lines) and two-dimensional shapes (such as squares) are assigned zero volume in the three-dimensional space.

The volume of a solid (whether regularly or irregularly shaped) can be determined by fluid displacement. Displacement of liquid can also be used to determine the volume of a gas. The combined volume of two substances is usually greater than the volume of just one of the substances. However, sometimes one substance dissolves in the other and in such cases the combined volume is not additive.[2]

In differential geometry, volume is expressed by means of the volume form, and is an important global Riemannian invariant. In thermodynamics, volume is a fundamental parameter, and is a conjugate variable to pressure.

Units

Volume measurements from the 1914 The New Student's Reference Work.

Any unit of length gives a corresponding unit of volume: the volume of a cube whose sides have the given length. For example, a cubic centimetre (cm3) is the volume of a cube whose sides are one centimetre (1 cm) in length.

In the International System of Units (SI), the standard unit of volume is the cubic metre (m3). The metric system also includes the litre (L) as a unit of volume, where one litre is the volume of a 10-centimetre cube. Thus

1 litre = (10 cm)3 = 1000 cubic centimetres = 0.001 cubic metres,

so

1 cubic metre = 1000 litres.

Small amounts of liquid are often measured in millilitres, where

1 millilitre = 0.001 litres = 1 cubic centimetre.

In the same way, large amounts can be measured in megalitres, where

1 million litres = 1000 cubic metres = 1 megalitre.

Various other traditional units of volume are also in use, including the cubic inch, the cubic foot, the cubic yard, the cubic mile, the teaspoon, the tablespoon, the fluid ounce, the fluid dram, the gill, the pint, the quart, the gallon, the minim, the barrel, the cord, the peck, the bushel, the hogshead, the acre-foot and the board foot.

Related terms

Capacity is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as "the measure applied to the content of a vessel, and to liquids, grain, or the like, which take the shape of that which holds them".[4] (The word capacity has other unrelated meanings, as in e.g. capacity management.) Capacity is not identical in meaning to volume, though closely related; the capacity of a container is always the volume in its interior. Units of capacity are the SI litre and its derived units, and Imperial units such as gill, pint, gallon, and others. Units of volume are the cubes of units of length. In SI the units of volume and capacity are closely related: one litre is exactly 1 cubic decimetre, the capacity of a cube with a 10 cm side. In other systems the conversion is not trivial; the capacity of a vehicle's fuel tank is rarely stated in cubic feet, for example, but in gallons (an imperial gallon fills a volume with 0.1605 cu ft).

The density of an object is defined as the ratio of the mass to the volume.[5] The inverse of density is specific volume which is defined as volume divided by mass. Specific volume is a concept important in thermodynamics where the volume of a working fluid is often an important parameter of a system being studied.

The volumetric flow rate in fluid dynamics is the volume of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time (for example cubic meters per second [m3 s−1]).

Volume in calculus

In calculus, a branch of mathematics, the volume of a region D in R3 is given by a triple integral of the constant function over the region and is usually written as:

In cylindrical coordinates, the volume integral is

In spherical coordinates (using the convention for angles with as the azimuth and measured from the polar axis; see more on conventions), the volume integral is

Volume formulas

Shape Volume formula Variables
Cube
Cuboid
Prism

(B: area of base)

Pyramid

(B: area of base)

Parallelepiped మూస:Paragraph
Regular tetrahedron
Sphere
Ellipsoid
Circular Cylinder
Cone
Solid torus
Solid of revolution
Solid body with continuous area


of its cross sections

(example: Steinmetz solid)

For the solid of revolution above:


Volume ratios for a cone, sphere and cylinder of the same radius and height

A cone, sphere and cylinder of radius r and height h

The above formulas can be used to show that the volumes of a cone, sphere and cylinder of the same radius and height are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3, as follows.

Let the radius be r and the height be h (which is 2r for the sphere), then the volume of the cone is

the volume of the sphere is

while the volume of the cylinder is

The discovery of the 2 : 3 ratio of the volumes of the sphere and cylinder is credited to Archimedes.[6]

Volume formula derivations

Sphere

The volume of a sphere is the integral of an infinite number of infinitesimally small circular disks of thickness dx. The calculation for the volume of a sphere with center 0 and radius r is as follows.

The surface area of the circular disk is .

The radius of the circular disks, defined such that the x-axis cuts perpendicularly through them, is

or

where y or z can be taken to represent the radius of a disk at a particular x value.

Using y as the disk radius, the volume of the sphere can be calculated as

Now

Combining yields

This formula can be derived more quickly using the formula for the sphere's surface area, which is . The volume of the sphere consists of layers of infinitesimally thin spherical shells, and the sphere volume is equal to

Cone

The cone is a type of pyramidal shape. The fundamental equation for pyramids, one-third times base times altitude, applies to cones as well.

However, using calculus, the volume of a cone is the integral of an infinite number of infinitesimally thin circular disks of thickness dx. The calculation for the volume of a cone of height h, whose base is centered at (0, 0, 0) with radius r, is as follows.

The radius of each circular disk is r if x = 0 and 0 if x = h, and varying linearly in between—that is,

The surface area of the circular disk is then

The volume of the cone can then be calculated as

and after extraction of the constants

Integrating gives us

Polyhedron

Volume in differential geometry

In differential geometry, a branch of mathematics, a volume form on a differentiable manifold is a differential form of top degree (i.e., whose degree is equal to the dimension of the manifold) that is nowhere equal to zero. A manifold has a volume form if and only if it is orientable. An orientable manifold has infinitely many volume forms, since multiplying a volume form by a non-vanishing function yields another volume form. On non-orientable manifolds, one may instead define the weaker notion of a density. Integrating the volume form gives the volume of the manifold according to that form.

An oriented pseudo-Riemannian manifold has a natural volume form. In local coordinates, it can be expressed as

where the are 1-forms that form a positively oriented basis for the cotangent bundle of the manifold, and is the determinant of the matrix representation of the metric tensor on the manifold in terms of the same basis.

Volume in thermodynamics

In thermodynamics, the volume of a system is an important extensive parameter for describing its thermodynamic state. The specific volume, an intensive property, is the system's volume per unit of mass. Volume is a function of state and is interdependent with other thermodynamic properties such as pressure and temperature. For example, volume is related to the pressure and temperature of an ideal gas by the ideal gas law.

Volume computation

The task of numerically computing the volume of objects is studied in the field of computational geometry in computer science, investigating efficient algorithms to perform this computation, approximately or exactly, for various types of objects. For instance, the convex volume approximation technique shows how to approximate the volume of any convex body using a membership oracle.

See also

References

  1. "Your Dictionary entry for "volume"". Retrieved 2010-05-01.
  2. One litre of sugar (about 970 grams) can dissolve in 0.6 litres of hot water, producing a total volume of less than one litre. "Solubility". Retrieved 2010-05-01. Up to 1800 grams of sucrose can dissolve in a liter of water.
  3. "General Tables of Units of Measurement". NIST Weights and Measures Division. Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2011-01-12.
  4. మూస:OED
  5. మూస:OED
  6. Rorres, Chris. "Tomb of Archimedes: Sources". Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. Retrieved 2007-01-02.

External links