పోరస్

పోరస్ (పురుషోత్తముడు) ప్రాచీన భారతదేశానికి చెందిన ఒక రాజు. "పురుషోత్తమ" ఇతడి అసలు పేరు. గ్రీకుల యాసలో "పురుషోత్తమ" అనే పేరు "పోరస్" గా రూపాంతరం చెందింది. ప్రస్తుతం పంజాబ్లో ఉన్న జీలం, చీనాబ్ అనే నదుల మధ్య ఉన్న ప్రాంతాన్ని పరిపాలించినట్లుగా గ్రీకు రచనల ద్వారా తెలుస్తుంది. ఇతను అలెగ్జాండర్ చక్రవర్తితో యుద్ధంలో పోరాడి అతన్ని మెప్పించి తన రాజ్యాన్ని తిరిగి పొందడమే కాకుండా మరిన్ని ప్రాంతాలను బహుమతిగా పొందాడు.^[1]^[2] క్రీ.పూ 323 లో అలెగ్జాండర్ మరణించిన తరువాత అతని సైన్యాధికారి యూడెమస్ క్రీ.పూ 321, 315 మధ్య పోరస్ ను హత్య చేశాడు.^[3]

ఇతన్ని గురించిన సమాచారం కేవలం గ్రీకు రచనల ద్వారానే లభ్యమౌతుంది. కానీ చరిత్రకారులు మాత్రం ఇతని పేరును బట్టి అతని పరిపాలిస్తున్న ప్రాంతాన్ని బట్టి ఋగ్వేదంలో ప్రస్తావించిన పురువంశానికి చెందిన రాజుగా భావిస్తున్నారు.^[4]^[5] ఈశ్వరీ ప్రసాద్ అనే చరిత్రకారుడు మాత్రం పోరస్ యదువంశానికి చెందిన పాలకుడై ఉండవచ్చునని భావించాడు. పోరస్ సైన్యంలో ముందు వరస వారి దగ్గర ఉన్న జెండాలపై ఉన్న చిత్రాలు (హెరాకిల్స్) మధుర పాలకుల చిత్రాలను పోలి ఉన్నాయని అతని వాదన. పోరస్ తరువాత వచ్చిన చంద్రగుప్తుని కాలంలో భారతదేశంలో పర్యటించిన మెగస్తనీసు తన రచనల్లో ఇలాంటి బొమ్మలు మధుర రాజ్య పాలకులకు చెందినవిగా వర్ణించాడు.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

మూలాలు

↑ Fuller, pg 198
"While the battle raged, Craterus forced his way over the Haranpur ford. When he saw that Alexander was winning a brilliant victory he pressed on and, as his men were fresh, took over the pursuit."
↑ Fuller, pg 181
"Among the many battles fought by invaders who entered the plains of India from the north-west, the first recorded in history is the battle of the Hydaspes, and in Hogarth's opinion, when coupled with the crossing of the river, together they 'rank among the most brilliant operations in warfare'."
↑ "Porus", Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved 8 September 2015
↑ The cause of the Ten-Kings battle was that the Ten tried to divert the river Parushni. This is a stretch of the modern Ravi which, however, changed its course several times. Diversion of the waters of the Indus system is still a cause for angry recriminations between India and Pakistan. The 'greasy-voiced' Purus, though enemies of Sudas, were not only Aryans but closely related to the Bharatas. Later tradition even makes the Bharatas a branch of the Purus. The same clan priests in the Rigveda impartially call down curses and blessings upon the Purus in diverse hymns, which shows that the differences between them and the Bharatas were not permanent. The quarrel was of another sort than that between Aryan and non-Aryan. The Purus remained in the Harappa region and expanded their rule over the Panjab in later times. It was they who put up the strongest fight against Alexander in 327 BC. The modern Panjabi surname Puri may possibly originate with the Puru tribe., Ancient India: A History of its Culture and Civilisation, By Kosambi, Damodar Dharmanand, pp 81-83
↑ King Poros belonged to the tribe of the Pauravas, descended from the Puru tribe mentioned so often in the Rigveda. A History of India, By Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermung, pp 57
↑ Proceedings, pp 72, Indian History Congress, Published 1957
↑ According to Arrian, Diodorus, and Strabo, Megasthenes described an Indian tribe called Sourasenoi, who especially worshipped Herakles in their land, and this land had two cities, Methora and Kleisobora, and a navigable river, the Jobares. As was common in the ancient period, the Greeks sometimes described foreign gods in terms of their own divinities, and there is a little doubt that the Sourasenoi refers to the Shurasenas, a branch of the Yadu dynasty to which Krishna belonged; Herakles to Krishna, or Hari-Krishna: Mehtora to Mathura, where Krishna was born; Kleisobora to Krishnapura, meaning "the city of Krishna"; and the Jobares to the Yamuna, the famous river in the Krishna story. Quintus Curtius also mentions that when Alexander the Great confronted Porus, Porus's soldiers were carrying an image of Herakles in their vanguard.Krishna: a sourcebook, pp 5, Edwin Francis Bryant, Oxford University Press US, 2007
↑ Chandragupta Maurya: a gem of Indian history, pp 76, Purushottam Lal Bhargava, Edition: 2, illustrated, Published by D.K. Printworld, 1996
↑ A Comprehensive History of India: The Mauryas & Satavahanas, pp 383, edited by K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri, Bharatiya Itihas Parishad, Published by Orient Longmans, 1992, Original from the University of California

[Fuller_pg_198-1] Fuller, pg 198
"While the battle raged, Craterus forced his way over the Haranpur ford. When he saw that Alexander was winning a brilliant victory he pressed on and, as his men were fresh, took over the pursuit."

[Fuller_pg_181-2] Fuller, pg 181
"Among the many battles fought by invaders who entered the plains of India from the north-west, the first recorded in history is the battle of the Hydaspes, and in Hogarth's opinion, when coupled with the crossing of the river, together they 'rank among the most brilliant operations in warfare'."

[eb-3] "Porus", Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved 8 September 2015

[Kosambi-4] The cause of the Ten-Kings battle was that the Ten tried to divert the river Parushni. This is a stretch of the modern Ravi which, however, changed its course several times. Diversion of the waters of the Indus system is still a cause for angry recriminations between India and Pakistan. The 'greasy-voiced' Purus, though enemies of Sudas, were not only Aryans but closely related to the Bharatas. Later tradition even makes the Bharatas a branch of the Purus. The same clan priests in the Rigveda impartially call down curses and blessings upon the Purus in diverse hymns, which shows that the differences between them and the Bharatas were not permanent. The quarrel was of another sort than that between Aryan and non-Aryan. The Purus remained in the Harappa region and expanded their rule over the Panjab in later times. It was they who put up the strongest fight against Alexander in 327 BC. The modern Panjabi surname Puri may possibly originate with the Puru tribe., Ancient India: A History of its Culture and Civilisation, By Kosambi, Damodar Dharmanand, pp 81-83

[Hermann-5] King Poros belonged to the tribe of the Pauravas, descended from the Puru tribe mentioned so often in the Rigveda. A History of India, By Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermung, pp 57

[6] Proceedings, pp 72, Indian History Congress, Published 1957

[7] According to Arrian, Diodorus, and Strabo, Megasthenes described an Indian tribe called Sourasenoi, who especially worshipped Herakles in their land, and this land had two cities, Methora and Kleisobora, and a navigable river, the Jobares. As was common in the ancient period, the Greeks sometimes described foreign gods in terms of their own divinities, and there is a little doubt that the Sourasenoi refers to the Shurasenas, a branch of the Yadu dynasty to which Krishna belonged; Herakles to Krishna, or Hari-Krishna: Mehtora to Mathura, where Krishna was born; Kleisobora to Krishnapura, meaning "the city of Krishna"; and the Jobares to the Yamuna, the famous river in the Krishna story. Quintus Curtius also mentions that when Alexander the Great confronted Porus, Porus's soldiers were carrying an image of Herakles in their vanguard.Krishna: a sourcebook, pp 5, Edwin Francis Bryant, Oxford University Press US, 2007

[8] Chandragupta Maurya: a gem of Indian history, pp 76, Purushottam Lal Bhargava, Edition: 2, illustrated, Published by D.K. Printworld, 1996

[9] A Comprehensive History of India: The Mauryas & Satavahanas, pp 383, edited by K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri, Bharatiya Itihas Parishad, Published by Orient Longmans, 1992, Original from the University of California

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