వస్తుమార్పిడి పద్ధతి

వస్తుమార్పిడి పద్ధతి (ఆంగ్లం: Barter) అనగా ద్రవ్యం లేని కాలంలో ఒక వస్తువు బదులు మరో వస్తువు ఇచ్చిపుచ్చుకునే ఒక పద్ధతి. ఆ కాలంలో మన దగ్గర ఉండే వస్తువును ఇచ్చి మనకు అవసరమైన మరో వస్తువును అవి ఉన్నవారి దగ్గర నుండి తీసుకోవడం.^[1]

వివరణ

వాణిజ్యం, వస్తు మార్పిడి పద్ధతి అనేది ఒక లావాదేవీలో పాల్గొనేవారు డబ్బు వంటి మార్పిడి మాధ్యమాన్ని ఉపయోగించకుండా ఇతర వస్తువులు లేదా సేవలకు నేరుగా వస్తువులు లేదా సేవలను మార్పిడి చేసే మార్పిడి వ్యవస్థ.^[2]^[3] డబ్బు ఆవిష్కరణకు ముందు ఉపయోగించిన ఆర్థిక మార్పిడి ప్రారంభ వ్యవస్థలలో ఒకటిగా బార్టర్ పద్ధతి పరిగణించబడుతుంది. ఆర్థికవేత్తలు సాధారణంగా వస్తు మార్పిడిని బహుమతి ఆర్థిక వ్యవస్థల నుండి అనేక విధాలుగా వేరు చేస్తారు. ఉదాహరణకు, వస్తు మార్పిడి అనేది తక్షణ పరస్పర మార్పిడి కలిగి ఉంటుంది, సమయం ఆలస్యం కాదు. బేరసారాలు సాధారణంగా ద్వైపాక్షిక ప్రాతిపదికన జరుగుతాయి, కానీ బహుపాక్షికంగా ఉండవచ్చు. చాలా అభివృద్ధి చెందిన దేశాలలో, వస్తు మార్పిడి సాధారణంగా ద్రవ్య వ్యవస్థలకు సమాంతరంగా చాలా పరిమిత స్థాయిలో మాత్రమే ఉంటుంది. ద్రవ్య సంక్షోభ సమయాల్లో కరెన్సీ అస్థిరంగా మారినప్పుడు అంటే, అధిక ద్రవ్యోల్బణం లేదా ప్రతి ద్రవ్యోల్బణ స్పైరల్ లేదా వాణిజ్యం నిర్వహించడానికి అందుబాటులో లేనప్పుడు, మార్కెట్ లో డబ్బుకు ప్రత్యామ్నాయంగా వస్తు మార్పిడి పద్ధతిని ఉపయోగిస్తారు.

మానవ శాస్త్రవేత్తలు వస్తు మార్పిడి నుండి డబ్బు ఉద్భవించిందని ఎటువంటి ఆధారాలు కనుగొనలేదు. అయినప్పటికీ, ఆడమ్ స్మిత్ కాలం నుండి ఆర్థికవేత్తలు తరచుగా ఆధునిక పూర్వ సమాజాలను ఊహించారు.^[4]^[5]^[6]

ఇవి కూడా చూడండి

ద్రవ్యం

మూలాలు

↑ Modern barter is practised by barter exchanges that have hundreds or thousands of businesses as members who agree to barter their products and services on a third-party basis. Barter exchanges in the U.S. were legalized by the passage of the 1982 Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act (TEFRA) which categorized barter exchanges as third party record keepers and mandated that they report the annual sales of their barter exchange members to the IRS via a 1099B From, "Proceeds From Barter Exchange and Brokerage Transactions". See: www.IRS.gov/Form1099B. Estimated annual retail barter exchange transactions worldwide are between three and four billion dollars, per the International Reciprocal Trade Association, the barter industry's global trade association, see www.irta.com Error on call to Template:cite paper: Parameter title must be specified
↑ Modern barter is practised by barter exchanges that have hundreds or thousands of businesses as members who agree to barter their products and services on a third-party basis. Barter exchanges in the U.S. were legalized by the passage of the 1982 Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act (TEFRA) which categorized barter exchanges as third party record keepers and mandated that they report the annual sales of their barter exchange members to the IRS via a 1099B From, "Proceeds From Barter Exchange and Brokerage Transactions". See: www.IRS.gov/Form1099B. Estimated annual retail barter exchange transactions worldwide are between three and four billion dollars, per the International Reciprocal Trade Association, the barter industry's global trade association, see www.irta.com Error on call to Template:cite paper: Parameter title must be specified
↑ Strauss, Ilana E. (26 February 2016). "The Myth of the Barter Economy". The Atlantic (in అమెరికన్ ఇంగ్లీష్). Retrieved 20 December 2019.
↑ David Graeber (2011). Debt: the first 5,000 years. New York: Melville House. pp. 21–41. ISBN 9781933633862.
↑ Modern barter is practised by barter exchanges that have hundreds or thousands of businesses as members who agree to barter their products and services on a third-party basis. Barter exchanges in the U.S. were legalized by the passage of the 1982 Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act (TEFRA) which categorized barter exchanges as third party record keepers and mandated that they report the annual sales of their barter exchange members to the IRS via a 1099B From, "Proceeds From Barter Exchange and Brokerage Transactions". See: www.IRS.gov/Form1099B. Estimated annual retail barter exchange transactions worldwide are between three and four billion dollars, per the International Reciprocal Trade Association, the barter industry's global trade association, see www.irta.com Error on call to Template:cite paper: Parameter title must be specified
↑ Strauss, Ilana E. (26 February 2016). "The Myth of the Barter Economy". The Atlantic (in అమెరికన్ ఇంగ్లీష్). Retrieved 20 December 2019.

[1] Modern barter is practised by barter exchanges that have hundreds or thousands of businesses as members who agree to barter their products and services on a third-party basis. Barter exchanges in the U.S. were legalized by the passage of the 1982 Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act (TEFRA) which categorized barter exchanges as third party record keepers and mandated that they report the annual sales of their barter exchange members to the IRS via a 1099B From, "Proceeds From Barter Exchange and Brokerage Transactions". See: www.IRS.gov/Form1099B. Estimated annual retail barter exchange transactions worldwide are between three and four billion dollars, per the International Reciprocal Trade Association, the barter industry's global trade association, see www.irta.com Error on call to Template:cite paper: Parameter title must be specified

[2] Modern barter is practised by barter exchanges that have hundreds or thousands of businesses as members who agree to barter their products and services on a third-party basis. Barter exchanges in the U.S. were legalized by the passage of the 1982 Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act (TEFRA) which categorized barter exchanges as third party record keepers and mandated that they report the annual sales of their barter exchange members to the IRS via a 1099B From, "Proceeds From Barter Exchange and Brokerage Transactions". See: www.IRS.gov/Form1099B. Estimated annual retail barter exchange transactions worldwide are between three and four billion dollars, per the International Reciprocal Trade Association, the barter industry's global trade association, see www.irta.com Error on call to Template:cite paper: Parameter title must be specified

[3] Strauss, Ilana E. (26 February 2016). "The Myth of the Barter Economy". The Atlantic (in అమెరికన్ ఇంగ్లీష్). Retrieved 20 December 2019.

[Graeber-p21-41-4] David Graeber (2011). Debt: the first 5,000 years. New York: Melville House. pp. 21–41. ISBN 9781933633862.

[5] Modern barter is practised by barter exchanges that have hundreds or thousands of businesses as members who agree to barter their products and services on a third-party basis. Barter exchanges in the U.S. were legalized by the passage of the 1982 Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act (TEFRA) which categorized barter exchanges as third party record keepers and mandated that they report the annual sales of their barter exchange members to the IRS via a 1099B From, "Proceeds From Barter Exchange and Brokerage Transactions". See: www.IRS.gov/Form1099B. Estimated annual retail barter exchange transactions worldwide are between three and four billion dollars, per the International Reciprocal Trade Association, the barter industry's global trade association, see www.irta.com Error on call to Template:cite paper: Parameter title must be specified

[6] Strauss, Ilana E. (26 February 2016). "The Myth of the Barter Economy". The Atlantic (in అమెరికన్ ఇంగ్లీష్). Retrieved 20 December 2019.

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