మూస:Infobox germanium

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జెర్మేనియం, 00Ge
Grayish lustrous block with uneven cleaved surface
జెర్మేనియం
Pronunciation/ɜːrˈmniəm/ (jur-MAY-nee-əm)
Appearancegrayish-white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ge)
జెర్మేనియం in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium
Si

Ge

Sn
గాలియంజెర్మేనియంఆర్సెనిక్
Groupమూస:Infobox element/symbol-to-group/format
Periodperiod 4
Block  p-block
Electron configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point1211.40 K ​(938.25 °C, ​1720.85 °F)
Boiling point3106 K ​(2833 °C, ​5131 °F)
Density (near r.t.)5.323 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)5.60 g/cm3
Heat of fusion36.94 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization334 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity23.222 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
Atomic properties
Oxidation states−4, −3, −2, −1, 0,[3] +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 2.01
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 762 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1537.5 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 3302.1 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 122 pm
Covalent radius122 pm
Van der Waals radius211 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of జెర్మేనియం
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structureface-centered diamond-cubic
Diamond cubic crystal structure for జెర్మేనియం
Speed of sound thin rod5400 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion6.0 µm/(m⋅K)
Thermal conductivity60.2 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity1 Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)
Band gap0.67 eV (at 300 K)
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic[4]
Molar magnetic susceptibility−76.84×10−6 cm3/mol[5]
Young's modulus103 GPa[6]
Shear modulus41 GPa[6]
Bulk modulus75 GPa[6]
Poisson ratio0.26[6]
Mohs hardness6.0
CAS Number7440-56-4
History
Namingజర్మనీ దేశం పేరు మీద
Predictionమెండలియెవ్ (1869)
Discoveryక్లెమెన్స్ వింక్లర్ (1886)
Isotopes of జెర్మేనియం
Template:infobox జెర్మేనియం isotopes does not exist
 Category: జెర్మేనియం
| references
Ga ←

i'box Ga

iso
32
Ge (E)
→ As

i'box As

  Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers
Top image (caption, alt)
Pronunciation
Allotropes (demo)
Group (demo)
Period (demo)
Block (demo)
Standard atomic weight
  most stable isotope
Natural occurrence
Phase at STP
Oxidation states
Spectral lines image
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)
Wikidata *
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2021-12-24)
See also Category:Infobox element data sets (0)

References

  1. "Standard Atomic Weights: Germanium". CIAAW. 2009.
  2. Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ఇంగ్లీష్). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  3. "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016.
  4. Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
  5. Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "Properties of Germanium". Ioffe Institute.