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{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Karimganj}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
|name= Karimganj District
|name= Karimganj District
|settlement_type=[[Districts of Assam|District]]
|settlement_type=[[Districts of Assam|District]]
|native_name = {{lang-bn|করিমগঞ্জ জেলা}}
|native_name = {{lang-bn|করিমগঞ্জ জেলা}}
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|image_map = Assam Karimganj locator map.svg
|image_map = Assam Karimganj locator map.svg
|map_caption = District location in Assam
|map_caption = District location in Assam
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
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|subdivision_type1=[[States of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1=[[Assam]]
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| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
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|area_land_km2 =
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|timezone =[[India Standard Time|IST]]
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| blank1_name_sec1 = Official language
| blank1_name_sec1 = Official language
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali (Bangla)]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali (Bangla)]]
|website = http://www.karimganj.nic.in
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'''Karimganj District''' (Pron:ˌkærɪmˈgʌnʤ) ({{lang-bn|করিমগঞ্জ জেলা}}) is an administrative [[district]] in the state of [[Assam]] in [[India]]. The district headquarters are located at [[Karimganj]].

==History==

===Early period===
The early history of present district of Karimganj, Assam, is hazy and obscure. With available source materials and evidences, it is difficult to construct a chronologically comprehensive account of early history of the region. Only a broad outline, with major gaps, can be attempted.
From the Nidhanpur copper inscriptions issued by King Bhaskarbarman, it is learned that the region has been within the Kamrupa Kingdom for about a hundred years since A.D. sixth century. The Aryanisation of the region under the leadership of the pioneer immigrant Brahmins with plough-based agriculture as economic basis had its beginning during this period. From the Kalapur copper plates issued by Samata Marundanatha, it is learned that in the 7th Century A.D., this region, along with foothills of North Cachar Hills had passed on to the [[Samatata Kingdom]] of the Eastern Bengal. Of course, there is no direct evidence to prove it. In the 10th Century A.D., King Srichandra of the renowned [[Chandra Dynasty]] of Eastern Bengal incorporated the entire region within his [[Vanga Kingdom]]. During this period, the Chandrapura Matha or monastery, situated at Panchakhanda (8 miles From Karimganj town, now in Bangladesh), became a very reputed centre of learning. According to the renowned historian [[D.C. Sarkar]], the Chandrapura Matha was the greatest centre of Hindu-learning in the entire Eastern India of the early period. From two Bhatera inscriptions of Govindakeshava Deva and Ishana Deva, it is learnt that there was an independent [[Srihatta Rajya]] in the 12th Century within which the entire Karimganj District along with a major portion of the Cachar plains were incorporated.

===Middle Ages===
When [[Shah Jalal]], a Muslim Sufi Saint from [[Yemen]], conquered [[Sylhet]] in 1328 A.D., Srihatta, along with a major portion of Karimganj district, passed to the [[Bengal Sultanate]]. A portion of Karimganj district comprising the present thana area of Patherkandi was under the control of the [[Tripura King]] at that period. However a large [[Persian People|Persian]] force led by a man called Mirza Malik Muhammad Turani captured the town of [[Badarpur, Assam|Badarpur]] within this region in the late 1300s. Turani crowned himself king and married Umavati, the daughter of the defeated governor of the town, a [[Khasi people|Khasi]] Chief named Pura Raja. The family continued to expand their rule over the next few generations until their descendant, Malik Pratap Raja, eventually conquered the entirety of Patherkandi. However, during the reign of Hussain Shah (1483–1519), this region - at that time known as Pratapgarh – also came under the Sultanate. There are two inscriptions - one of Hussain Shah, and another of his son Mahmud Shah, found respectively at Kaliganj and Suprakandi – to show that Bengal sultanate had complete sway over this entire region. The region, along with other parts of Sylhet, was incorporated within the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1576 during the reign of [[Akbar]]. According to Ain-I-Akbari, most of the areas of the district were placed under the Pratapgarh Revenue Mahal of the Silhat Sarkar of the Mughals. The district continued to be part of the Silhat Sarkar and Bangla Suba of the Mughals.

===British Era and Freedom Movement===
In 1785, the diwani of the Bangla Suba was taken over by the [[British East India Company]] and the District of Sylhet, of which Karimganj was a part, passed on to the British. However, up to 1786, the British could not establish their hegemony over the entire region. A local Zamindar, Radharam, brought under his administrative control, a vast region of Southern Karimganj, and local people started calling him Nawab Radharam. His blatant defiance of British authority brought the matters to a head, but Radharam survived two successive expeditions of the British contingents. Ultimately, a reinforced contingent succeeded in capturing him after defeating his forces. While he was being carried to Sylhet by the Company soldiers, Radharam reportedly committed suicide. It is only with his fall in 1786 that the British could establish their complete authority in the region around Karimganj.

In November 1857, three companies of the 34th Native Infantry stationed at [[Chittagong]] mutinied and they subsequently emerged in the south-east of the [[Sylhet District]]. At Latu village of present Karimganj district, these rebel soldiers encountered a contingent of the Sylhet Light Infantry under the command of Major Byng. The sepoys were defeated, but Major Byng was killed. At [[Malegar]] hillock of Latu village, the graves of the fallen rebels are still venerated by the local people.

In 1878, the British administration designated Karimganj town as the headquarters of the newly created sub-division of Karimganj. Before the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, Karimganj District was a sub-division of greater [[Sylhet District]]. Many ''tallukas'' and zamindari estates were located here. The estate of the erstwhile [[Zamindars]] of Hasanpur, in Badarpur is also situated in Karimganj.

The later history of Karimganj remains incomplete without the mention of '''Abdul Matlib Mazumdar''' (1890–1980). In 1946, when India was still under British rule, he became an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] and also Cabinet Minister of Assam.<ref>[http://www.assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1946-52.html Assam Legislative Assembly - MLA 1946-1952]</ref> He was one of the prominent Muslim leaders of eastern India to support Hindu-Muslim unity, opposing the [[partition of India]] on communal lines. Mazumdar along with [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] (who later became the 5th President of India) became the most prominent Muslim opponents of the demand for a separate Muslim state of [[Pakistan]], especially in the eastern part of the country. Mazumdar started legal practice at Hailakandi Bar in 1925 and spread his network in the adjacent Silchar and Karimganj areas. [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]] and [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]] visited Hailakandi in 1939 and 1945 respectively at the invitation of Mazumdar to strengthen the freedom movement as well as the Congress party in southern Assam. It was Netaji who initiated establishment of contact between Moulana Abul Kalam Azad and Matlib Mazumdar for gearing up nationalist Muslims against a growing [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] in the region.<ref>Bhattacharyya, N. (1998). Hailakandite Netaji. Hailakandi – smaranika (in Bengali). (Souvenir of the 50th year of independence). District Administration, Hailakandi, India.</ref> The Muslim League proved its might in the Muslim-dominated areas of India in 1937 elections. To counter the rising popularity of Muslim League, he successfully organised the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] movement in Assam. Jamiat was an ally of the Congress having a mass following among the nationalist Muslims. In the very crucial 1946 General Elections just on the eve of [[Indian independence movement|India’s independence]], he wrested the Muslim majority Hailakandi seat from the hold of Muslim League. That victory virtually sealed the hopes and aspirations of the Muslim League to include southern Assam in Pakistan. It may be mentioned here that in that election, the bulk of the Muslim nominees of the Indian National Congress including Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (5th President of India in later years) had lost to their Muslim League rivals miserably.

Assam's Surma Valley (now partly in [[Bangladesh]]) had Muslim-majority population. On the eve of partition, hectic activities intensified by the Muslim League as well Congress with the former having an edge. A [[referendum]] had been proposed for [[Sylhet District]] (now in Bangladesh). Mazumdar along with Basanta Kumar Das (then Home Minister of Assam) travelled throughout the valley organising the Congress and addressing meetings educating the masses about the outcome of partition on the basis of religion. On 20 February 1947, Moulvi Mazumdar inaugurated a convention – Assam Nationalist Muslim's Convention at [[Silchar]]. There after another big meeting was held at Silchar on 8 June 1947.<ref>Bhattacharjee, J. B. (1977). Cachar under British Rule in North East India. Radiant Publishers, New Delhi.</ref> Both the meetings, which were attended by a large section of Muslims paid dividend. He was also among the few who were instrumental in retaining the [[Barak Valley]] region of Assam, especially Karimganj with India.<ref>Barua, D. C. (1990). Moulvi Matlib Mazumdar- as I knew him. Abdul Matlib Mazumdar – birth centenary tributes, pp.&nbsp;8–9.</ref><ref>Purkayashta, M. (1990). Tyagi jananeta Abdul Matlib Mazumdar. The Prantiya Samachar (in Bengali). Silchar, India.</ref> Mazumdar was the leader of the delegation that pleaded before the Radcliffe Commission that ensured that a part of Sylhet (now in Bangladesh) remains with India despite being Muslim-majority (present Karimganj district).<ref>Roy, S. K. (1990). Jananeta Abdul Matlib Mazumdar (in Bengali). Abdul Matlib Mazumdar – birth centenary tributes, pp.&nbsp;24–27.</ref>[11].

The entire eastern India was swept by [[violence]] just after India's partition and independence on 15 August 1947, scores of Hindus fled the newly created [[East Pakistan]] (now Bangladesh) for India, and Muslims fled Assam for East Pakistan. A large number of people lost their lives owing to violence, which resurfaced with more ferocity in 1950. Mazumdar, the only Muslim in the cabinet, along with his cabinet and party colleagues took up responsibility for the safety of both Hindus and Muslims in Karimganj, touring affected areas and arranging camps and rehabilitation for the [[refugee]]s, organizing supplies and security.

During the [[War of Liberation of Bangladesh|Bangladesh’s war of liberation]] in 1970-71, he was in charge of relief-&-rehabilitation of the thousands of refugees who fled the then East Pakistan to Assam including Karimganj.

===Partition & post-partition period===
At the time of [[Partition of India]] in 1947, most of Sylhet District joined [[East Pakistan]], which eventually became the independent nation of [[Bangladesh]] in 1971, barring three-and-half thana areas (Ratabari, [[Patherkandi]], [[Badarpur]] and half of Karimganj thana) of the Karimganj sub-division. This truncated Karimganj sub-division was incorporated in the [[Cachar District]] of Assam as a full-fledged sub-division.
The Karimganj sub-division was upgraded to a district on 1 July 1983.<ref name='Statoids'>{{cite web | url = http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | title = Districts of India | accessdate = 2011-10-11 | last = Law | first = Gwillim | date = 2011-09-25 | work = Statoids}}</ref> [[Karimganj]] Town was designated as the district headquarters of the newly created [[Karimganj District]].

==Geography==
[[File:Kachar Hills , Silchar (114).jpeg|thumb|300px|A typical house of Karimganj]]
Karimganj district occupies an area of {{convert|1809|km2|sqmi}},<ref name='Reference Annual'>{{cite book | last1 = Srivastava, Dayawanti et al. (ed.) | title = India 2010: A Reference Annual | chapter = States and Union Territories: Assam: Government | edition = 54th | publisher = Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]] | year = 2010 | location = New Delhi, India | pages = 1116 | accessdate = 2011-10-11 | isbn = 978-81-230-1617-7}}</ref> comparatively equivalent to [[Alaska]]'s [[Afognak Island]].<ref name='Islands'>{{cite web | url = http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | title = Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area | accessdate = 2011-10-11 | date = 1998-02-18 | publisher = [[United Nations Environment Program]] | quote =
Afognak 1,809km2}}</ref> It is bounded on the northeast by [[Cachar District]], on the east by [[Hailakandi District]], on the south by [[Mizoram]] state, on the southwest by [[Tripura]] state, and on the west and northwest by [[Bangladesh]].
[[Karimganj|Karimganj Town]], the administrative headquarters and main town of the district also bears the same name, that is, Karimganj.
Karimganj town is located on the northern fringe of the district adjoining Bangladesh, by the river [[Kushiyara River|Kushiyara]]. Its distance from [[Guwahati]] - the state capital of [[Assam]] - is approximately 330&nbsp;km by road and about 350&nbsp;km by rail. Distances of other important places are : [[Silchar]] - 55&nbsp;km, [[Shillong]] - 220&nbsp;km, [[Agartala]] - 250&nbsp;km. Flanked on two sides by the rivers [[Kushiyara River|Kushiyara]] and Longai, Karimganj town is located just on the Bangladesh border with the river Kushiyara flowing in between. One prominent feature of the place is a long and winding canal called Noti Khal meandering through the town. Earlier, it used to be a connecting river way between Kushiyara and Longai facilitating river communication and also balancing of water-levels between the two rivers. Now, however, this canal has been blocked at several places through embankments and land-fills to pave way for road transport and construction works.Latu is one of the historically interesting village of Karimganj.

The forests of Karimganj were once rich in wildlife but now vanishing due to human onslaught. rare species found are Hoolock gibbon, Phayre's leaf monkey, Pig-tailed macaque, Asian elephant, White-winged Wood Duck, etc., have been recorded.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (1999). Status and Conservation of the Asian elephant ''Elephas maximus'' in north-eastern India. ''Mammal Review'' 29(3): 141-173.</ref><ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2004). Vanishing habitat threatens Phayre’s leaf monkey. ''The Rhino Found. NE India Newsletter'' 6:32-33.</ref> The southern part was also recommended as 'Dhaleswari' wildlife sanctuary.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (1983). Plea for a new wildlife refuge in eastern India. ''Tigerpaper'' 10(4):12-15.</ref><ref>Choudhury, A.U. (1983). Plea for a new wildlife sanctuary in Assam. ''WWF - India Newsletter'' 4(4):15.</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Paddy across Karimganj.jpeg|thumb|300px|Karimganj is an agricultural district]]
Karimganj town is an important centre of trade and commerce in the North East India. Its river port, with elaborate infra-structures like cargo-terminal, jetty, warehouses etc., is capable of handling large volumes of cargoes carried by steamers plying through river ways via Bangladesh. Karimganj is also a borders trade centre and import-export business worth crores of rupees is carried out through the custom trade point at Kalibari Ghat in the town.

==Divisions==
Karimganj District has one sub-division. The district has 5 [[tehsil]]s or development circles ([[Karimganj]], [[Badarpur, Assam|Badarpur]], [[Nilambazar]], [[Patherkandi]] and [[Ramkrishna Nagar]]), two urban areas (Karimganj and Badarpur) 3 towns (Karimganj, Badarpur, and [[Badarpur Railway Town]]), 7 community development blocks (North Karimganj, South Karimganj, Badarpur, Patherkandi, Ramkrishna Nagar, Dullavcherra and Lowairpoa), 6 police stations (Karimganj, Badarpur, Ramkrishna Nagar, Patharkandi, Ratabari, Nilambazaar), 96 [[gram panchayat]]s, and seven anchalik panchayats.

There are five [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] constituencies in this district: Ratabari, Patharkand, Karimganj North, Karimganj South, and Badarpur.<ref name="ceo1">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies showing their Revenue & Election District wise break - up|url=http://ceoassam.nic.in/Gen_Informations/2.1%20-%20DEOs%20wise%20ACs%20breakup.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Assam website|accessdate=26 September 2011}}</ref> Ratabari is designated for [[scheduled caste]]s.<ref name="ceo1"/> All five are in the [[Karimganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ceo2">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies showing their Parliamentary Constituencies wise break - up|url=http://ceoassam.nic.in/Gen_Informations/2.2%20-%20PC-wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Assam website|accessdate=26 September 2011}}</ref>

==Transport==
Karimganj town is linked via both rail and road transport with the rest of India. Karimganj town is a railway junction and [[meter gauge]] lines connecting Tripura with Assam pass through this station. The most popular mode of passenger transport, however, is by road. A good number of buses - mostly night services - ply between Karimganj and [[Guwahati]] daily. Direct long distance bus services are also available to Shillong, Agartala, [[Aizawl]] and so on. Communication with Silchar, [[Badarpur, Assam|Badarpur]], Patherkandi and other nearby places is also mainly dependent on road transport, with services by all sorts of light and heavy vehicles available at frequent intervals. The nearest airport is [[Kumbhirgram Airport|Kumbhirgram]] (85&nbsp;km) near Silchar - the headquarters of the adjacent district of [[Cachar]]. Karimganj town is also an important river port and has seasonal cargo and freight transport links with [[Kolkata]] through river ways via Bangladesh.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Karimganj district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,217,002,<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | accessdate = 2011-09-30 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Bahrain]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | accessdate = 2011-10-01 | quote =
Bahrain
1,214,705
July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[New Hampshire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|accessdate=2011-09-30| quote =
New Hampshire
1,316,470
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 392nd in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 673 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 20.74%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Karimganj has a [[sex ratio]] of 961 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 79.72%.<ref name=districtcensus/>

Muslims 527,214 form a slight majority in the district, at 52.3% of the population, with Hindus accounting for 47% according to the 2001 census.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census]</ref>

Karimganj is one of several districts in Assam where [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is spoken by the majority of the population, as also in some other districts such as Cachar, [[Barpeta]], Halaikandi, [[Dhubri]] and [[Goalpara]]. Bengali is the official language in karimganj along with the other two districts of Barak valley such as Hailakandi and Cachar.<ref>[[Barak Valley]]</ref> The Bengali dielect that is used in Karimganj is known as [[Sylheti]]. [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]] is spoken by the minority [[Bisnupriya]] and [[Meitei people|Meitei]] communities. There are also a small tribal communities like [[Hrangkhwal]], [[Kuki peoples|Kuki]], [[Khasi people|Khasi]], [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] and [[Sakachap]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
* [http://karimganj.gov.in/ Karimganj District official website]
* [http://www.facebook.com/ KarimganjTown]
* [http://www.karimganj.com/ Karimganj District KARIMGANJ ONLINE]
* [http://www.silchartoday.com/tour_travels/assam/silchar/karimganj_home.htm About Karimganj]
* [http://www.gloriousindia.com/places/as/karimganj.html Karimganj District]
* [[Barak Valley]]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Karimganj district
|North = ''[[Bangladesh]]''
|Northeast =
|East = [[Hailakandi district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Mamit district]], [[Mizoram]]
|Southwest = [[North Tripura district]], [[Tripura]]
|West = ''[[Bangladesh]]''
|Northwest =
}}

{{Assam}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}

{{coord|24.8667|N|92.3500|E|type:adm3rd_source:itwiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karimganj District}}
[[Category:Districts of Assam]]
[[Category:Karimganj district| ]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Minority Concentrated Districts in India]]

== మూలాలు ==
== మూలాలు ==
{{మూలాలజాబితా}}
{{మూలాలజాబితా}}

14:07, 25 సెప్టెంబరు 2014 నాటి కూర్పు

This article is about the district. For its eponymous headquarters, see Karimganj.
Karimganj District
Bengali: করিমগঞ্জ জেলা
District
District location in Assam
District location in Assam
Country India
StateAssam
HeadquartersKarimganj
విస్తీర్ణం
 • Total1,809 కి.మీ2 (698 చ. మై)
జనాభా
 (2011)
 • Total12,17,002
 • జనసాంద్రత673/కి.మీ2 (1,740/చ. మై.)
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
Official languageBengali (Bangla)
Websitehttp://www.karimganj.nic.in

Karimganj District (Pron:ˌkærɪmˈgʌnʤ) (Bengali: করিমগঞ্জ জেলা) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. The district headquarters are located at Karimganj.

History

Early period

The early history of present district of Karimganj, Assam, is hazy and obscure. With available source materials and evidences, it is difficult to construct a chronologically comprehensive account of early history of the region. Only a broad outline, with major gaps, can be attempted. From the Nidhanpur copper inscriptions issued by King Bhaskarbarman, it is learned that the region has been within the Kamrupa Kingdom for about a hundred years since A.D. sixth century. The Aryanisation of the region under the leadership of the pioneer immigrant Brahmins with plough-based agriculture as economic basis had its beginning during this period. From the Kalapur copper plates issued by Samata Marundanatha, it is learned that in the 7th Century A.D., this region, along with foothills of North Cachar Hills had passed on to the Samatata Kingdom of the Eastern Bengal. Of course, there is no direct evidence to prove it. In the 10th Century A.D., King Srichandra of the renowned Chandra Dynasty of Eastern Bengal incorporated the entire region within his Vanga Kingdom. During this period, the Chandrapura Matha or monastery, situated at Panchakhanda (8 miles From Karimganj town, now in Bangladesh), became a very reputed centre of learning. According to the renowned historian D.C. Sarkar, the Chandrapura Matha was the greatest centre of Hindu-learning in the entire Eastern India of the early period. From two Bhatera inscriptions of Govindakeshava Deva and Ishana Deva, it is learnt that there was an independent Srihatta Rajya in the 12th Century within which the entire Karimganj District along with a major portion of the Cachar plains were incorporated.

Middle Ages

When Shah Jalal, a Muslim Sufi Saint from Yemen, conquered Sylhet in 1328 A.D., Srihatta, along with a major portion of Karimganj district, passed to the Bengal Sultanate. A portion of Karimganj district comprising the present thana area of Patherkandi was under the control of the Tripura King at that period. However a large Persian force led by a man called Mirza Malik Muhammad Turani captured the town of Badarpur within this region in the late 1300s. Turani crowned himself king and married Umavati, the daughter of the defeated governor of the town, a Khasi Chief named Pura Raja. The family continued to expand their rule over the next few generations until their descendant, Malik Pratap Raja, eventually conquered the entirety of Patherkandi. However, during the reign of Hussain Shah (1483–1519), this region - at that time known as Pratapgarh – also came under the Sultanate. There are two inscriptions - one of Hussain Shah, and another of his son Mahmud Shah, found respectively at Kaliganj and Suprakandi – to show that Bengal sultanate had complete sway over this entire region. The region, along with other parts of Sylhet, was incorporated within the Mughal Empire in 1576 during the reign of Akbar. According to Ain-I-Akbari, most of the areas of the district were placed under the Pratapgarh Revenue Mahal of the Silhat Sarkar of the Mughals. The district continued to be part of the Silhat Sarkar and Bangla Suba of the Mughals.

British Era and Freedom Movement

In 1785, the diwani of the Bangla Suba was taken over by the British East India Company and the District of Sylhet, of which Karimganj was a part, passed on to the British. However, up to 1786, the British could not establish their hegemony over the entire region. A local Zamindar, Radharam, brought under his administrative control, a vast region of Southern Karimganj, and local people started calling him Nawab Radharam. His blatant defiance of British authority brought the matters to a head, but Radharam survived two successive expeditions of the British contingents. Ultimately, a reinforced contingent succeeded in capturing him after defeating his forces. While he was being carried to Sylhet by the Company soldiers, Radharam reportedly committed suicide. It is only with his fall in 1786 that the British could establish their complete authority in the region around Karimganj.

In November 1857, three companies of the 34th Native Infantry stationed at Chittagong mutinied and they subsequently emerged in the south-east of the Sylhet District. At Latu village of present Karimganj district, these rebel soldiers encountered a contingent of the Sylhet Light Infantry under the command of Major Byng. The sepoys were defeated, but Major Byng was killed. At Malegar hillock of Latu village, the graves of the fallen rebels are still venerated by the local people.

In 1878, the British administration designated Karimganj town as the headquarters of the newly created sub-division of Karimganj. Before the Partition of India in 1947, Karimganj District was a sub-division of greater Sylhet District. Many tallukas and zamindari estates were located here. The estate of the erstwhile Zamindars of Hasanpur, in Badarpur is also situated in Karimganj.

The later history of Karimganj remains incomplete without the mention of Abdul Matlib Mazumdar (1890–1980). In 1946, when India was still under British rule, he became an MLA and also Cabinet Minister of Assam.[1] He was one of the prominent Muslim leaders of eastern India to support Hindu-Muslim unity, opposing the partition of India on communal lines. Mazumdar along with Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (who later became the 5th President of India) became the most prominent Muslim opponents of the demand for a separate Muslim state of Pakistan, especially in the eastern part of the country. Mazumdar started legal practice at Hailakandi Bar in 1925 and spread his network in the adjacent Silchar and Karimganj areas. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose and Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru visited Hailakandi in 1939 and 1945 respectively at the invitation of Mazumdar to strengthen the freedom movement as well as the Congress party in southern Assam. It was Netaji who initiated establishment of contact between Moulana Abul Kalam Azad and Matlib Mazumdar for gearing up nationalist Muslims against a growing Muslim League in the region.[2] The Muslim League proved its might in the Muslim-dominated areas of India in 1937 elections. To counter the rising popularity of Muslim League, he successfully organised the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind movement in Assam. Jamiat was an ally of the Congress having a mass following among the nationalist Muslims. In the very crucial 1946 General Elections just on the eve of India’s independence, he wrested the Muslim majority Hailakandi seat from the hold of Muslim League. That victory virtually sealed the hopes and aspirations of the Muslim League to include southern Assam in Pakistan. It may be mentioned here that in that election, the bulk of the Muslim nominees of the Indian National Congress including Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (5th President of India in later years) had lost to their Muslim League rivals miserably.

Assam's Surma Valley (now partly in Bangladesh) had Muslim-majority population. On the eve of partition, hectic activities intensified by the Muslim League as well Congress with the former having an edge. A referendum had been proposed for Sylhet District (now in Bangladesh). Mazumdar along with Basanta Kumar Das (then Home Minister of Assam) travelled throughout the valley organising the Congress and addressing meetings educating the masses about the outcome of partition on the basis of religion. On 20 February 1947, Moulvi Mazumdar inaugurated a convention – Assam Nationalist Muslim's Convention at Silchar. There after another big meeting was held at Silchar on 8 June 1947.[3] Both the meetings, which were attended by a large section of Muslims paid dividend. He was also among the few who were instrumental in retaining the Barak Valley region of Assam, especially Karimganj with India.[4][5] Mazumdar was the leader of the delegation that pleaded before the Radcliffe Commission that ensured that a part of Sylhet (now in Bangladesh) remains with India despite being Muslim-majority (present Karimganj district).[6][11].

The entire eastern India was swept by violence just after India's partition and independence on 15 August 1947, scores of Hindus fled the newly created East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) for India, and Muslims fled Assam for East Pakistan. A large number of people lost their lives owing to violence, which resurfaced with more ferocity in 1950. Mazumdar, the only Muslim in the cabinet, along with his cabinet and party colleagues took up responsibility for the safety of both Hindus and Muslims in Karimganj, touring affected areas and arranging camps and rehabilitation for the refugees, organizing supplies and security.

During the Bangladesh’s war of liberation in 1970-71, he was in charge of relief-&-rehabilitation of the thousands of refugees who fled the then East Pakistan to Assam including Karimganj.

Partition & post-partition period

At the time of Partition of India in 1947, most of Sylhet District joined East Pakistan, which eventually became the independent nation of Bangladesh in 1971, barring three-and-half thana areas (Ratabari, Patherkandi, Badarpur and half of Karimganj thana) of the Karimganj sub-division. This truncated Karimganj sub-division was incorporated in the Cachar District of Assam as a full-fledged sub-division. The Karimganj sub-division was upgraded to a district on 1 July 1983.[7] Karimganj Town was designated as the district headquarters of the newly created Karimganj District.

Geography

A typical house of Karimganj

Karimganj district occupies an area of 1,809 చదరపు కిలోమీటర్లు (698 చ. మై.),[8] comparatively equivalent to Alaska's Afognak Island.[9] It is bounded on the northeast by Cachar District, on the east by Hailakandi District, on the south by Mizoram state, on the southwest by Tripura state, and on the west and northwest by Bangladesh. Karimganj Town, the administrative headquarters and main town of the district also bears the same name, that is, Karimganj. Karimganj town is located on the northern fringe of the district adjoining Bangladesh, by the river Kushiyara. Its distance from Guwahati - the state capital of Assam - is approximately 330 km by road and about 350 km by rail. Distances of other important places are : Silchar - 55 km, Shillong - 220 km, Agartala - 250 km. Flanked on two sides by the rivers Kushiyara and Longai, Karimganj town is located just on the Bangladesh border with the river Kushiyara flowing in between. One prominent feature of the place is a long and winding canal called Noti Khal meandering through the town. Earlier, it used to be a connecting river way between Kushiyara and Longai facilitating river communication and also balancing of water-levels between the two rivers. Now, however, this canal has been blocked at several places through embankments and land-fills to pave way for road transport and construction works.Latu is one of the historically interesting village of Karimganj.

The forests of Karimganj were once rich in wildlife but now vanishing due to human onslaught. rare species found are Hoolock gibbon, Phayre's leaf monkey, Pig-tailed macaque, Asian elephant, White-winged Wood Duck, etc., have been recorded.[10][11] The southern part was also recommended as 'Dhaleswari' wildlife sanctuary.[12][13]

Economy

Karimganj is an agricultural district

Karimganj town is an important centre of trade and commerce in the North East India. Its river port, with elaborate infra-structures like cargo-terminal, jetty, warehouses etc., is capable of handling large volumes of cargoes carried by steamers plying through river ways via Bangladesh. Karimganj is also a borders trade centre and import-export business worth crores of rupees is carried out through the custom trade point at Kalibari Ghat in the town.

Divisions

Karimganj District has one sub-division. The district has 5 tehsils or development circles (Karimganj, Badarpur, Nilambazar, Patherkandi and Ramkrishna Nagar), two urban areas (Karimganj and Badarpur) 3 towns (Karimganj, Badarpur, and Badarpur Railway Town), 7 community development blocks (North Karimganj, South Karimganj, Badarpur, Patherkandi, Ramkrishna Nagar, Dullavcherra and Lowairpoa), 6 police stations (Karimganj, Badarpur, Ramkrishna Nagar, Patharkandi, Ratabari, Nilambazaar), 96 gram panchayats, and seven anchalik panchayats.

There are five Assam Legislative Assembly constituencies in this district: Ratabari, Patharkand, Karimganj North, Karimganj South, and Badarpur.[14] Ratabari is designated for scheduled castes.[14] All five are in the Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency.[15]

Transport

Karimganj town is linked via both rail and road transport with the rest of India. Karimganj town is a railway junction and meter gauge lines connecting Tripura with Assam pass through this station. The most popular mode of passenger transport, however, is by road. A good number of buses - mostly night services - ply between Karimganj and Guwahati daily. Direct long distance bus services are also available to Shillong, Agartala, Aizawl and so on. Communication with Silchar, Badarpur, Patherkandi and other nearby places is also mainly dependent on road transport, with services by all sorts of light and heavy vehicles available at frequent intervals. The nearest airport is Kumbhirgram (85 km) near Silchar - the headquarters of the adjacent district of Cachar. Karimganj town is also an important river port and has seasonal cargo and freight transport links with Kolkata through river ways via Bangladesh.

Demographics

According to the 2011 census Karimganj district has a population of 1,217,002,[16] roughly equal to the nation of Bahrain[17] or the US state of New Hampshire.[18] This gives it a ranking of 392nd in India (out of a total of 640).[16] The district has a population density of 673 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,740/sq mi) .[16] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 20.74%.[16] Karimganj has a sex ratio of 961 females for every 1000 males,[16] and a literacy rate of 79.72%.[16]

Muslims 527,214 form a slight majority in the district, at 52.3% of the population, with Hindus accounting for 47% according to the 2001 census.[19]

Karimganj is one of several districts in Assam where Bengali is spoken by the majority of the population, as also in some other districts such as Cachar, Barpeta, Halaikandi, Dhubri and Goalpara. Bengali is the official language in karimganj along with the other two districts of Barak valley such as Hailakandi and Cachar.[20] The Bengali dielect that is used in Karimganj is known as Sylheti. Manipuri is spoken by the minority Bisnupriya and Meitei communities. There are also a small tribal communities like Hrangkhwal, Kuki, Khasi, Tripuri and Sakachap.

References

  1. ↑ Assam Legislative Assembly - MLA 1946-1952
  2. ↑ Bhattacharyya, N. (1998). Hailakandite Netaji. Hailakandi – smaranika (in Bengali). (Souvenir of the 50th year of independence). District Administration, Hailakandi, India.
  3. ↑ Bhattacharjee, J. B. (1977). Cachar under British Rule in North East India. Radiant Publishers, New Delhi.
  4. ↑ Barua, D. C. (1990). Moulvi Matlib Mazumdar- as I knew him. Abdul Matlib Mazumdar – birth centenary tributes, pp. 8–9.
  5. ↑ Purkayashta, M. (1990). Tyagi jananeta Abdul Matlib Mazumdar. The Prantiya Samachar (in Bengali). Silchar, India.
  6. ↑ Roy, S. K. (1990). Jananeta Abdul Matlib Mazumdar (in Bengali). Abdul Matlib Mazumdar – birth centenary tributes, pp. 24–27.
  7. ↑ Law, Gwillim (2011-09-25). "Districts of India". Statoids. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
  8. ↑ Srivastava, Dayawanti et al. (ed.) (2010). "States and Union Territories: Assam: Government". India 2010: A Reference Annual (54th ed.). New Delhi, India: Additional Director General, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India), Government of India. p. 1116. ISBN 978-81-230-1617-7. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |last1= has generic name (help)
  9. ↑ "Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area". United Nations Environment Program. 1998-02-18. Retrieved 2011-10-11. Afognak 1,809km2 {{cite web}}: horizontal tab character in |quote= at position 8 (help)
  10. ↑ Choudhury, A.U. (1999). Status and Conservation of the Asian elephant Elephas maximus in north-eastern India. Mammal Review 29(3): 141-173.
  11. ↑ Choudhury, A.U. (2004). Vanishing habitat threatens Phayre’s leaf monkey. The Rhino Found. NE India Newsletter 6:32-33.
  12. ↑ Choudhury, A.U. (1983). Plea for a new wildlife refuge in eastern India. Tigerpaper 10(4):12-15.
  13. ↑ Choudhury, A.U. (1983). Plea for a new wildlife sanctuary in Assam. WWF - India Newsletter 4(4):15.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "List of Assembly Constituencies showing their Revenue & Election District wise break - up" (PDF). Chief Electoral Officer, Assam website. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
  15. ↑ "List of Assembly Constituencies showing their Parliamentary Constituencies wise break - up" (PDF). Chief Electoral Officer, Assam website. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 "District Census 2011". Census2011.co.in. 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-30.
  17. ↑ US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Retrieved 2011-10-01. Bahrain 1,214,705 July 2011 est. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |quote= at position 8 (help)
  18. ↑ "2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2011-09-30. New Hampshire 1,316,470 {{cite web}}: line feed character in |quote= at position 14 (help)
  19. ↑ Indian Census
  20. ↑ Barak Valley
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