సహాయం:IPA

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అధికారిక అంతర్జాతీయ ధ్వన్యాత్మక లిపి పట్టిక (2020 సవరణ)

ఇక్కడ అంతర్జాతీయ ధ్వన్యాత్మక వర్ణమాలలోని ముఖ్యమైన గుర్తులకు వివేచనం ఇవ్వబడింది. ఆంగ్లంలోని అక్షరాలకు సరిపోయే పరిమిత పట్టిక కోసం సహాయం:IPA for English చూడండి. సంస్కృత ధ్వనులకై సహాయం:IPA for Sanskrit చూడగలరు. ఇంకా కొన్ని అరుదుగా వాడే గుర్తులను ఇక్కడ చేర్చలేదు. వాటిని వ్యాసంలో చూడవచ్చు.

ప్రతీ గుర్తుకూ వీలున్నచోట అందుకు సమాన తెలుగు అక్షరాన్ని కానీ, అక్షరం లేనప్పుడు పదాన్ని కానీ ఇవ్వడమైనది. తెలుగులో లేని ధ్వనులను సూచించే గుర్తులకు, తెలుగువారికి పరిచయముండేఔదుకు అవకాశమున్న ఆంగ్లం లేదా హిందీ ఉదాహరణలు ఇవ్వబడ్డాయి. ఈ మూడు భాషల్లోనూ లేని శబ్దాలకు ఇతర భాషల ఉదాహరణలు ఇవ్వబడ్డాయి.

ఎడమ పక్క గళ్ళలో గుర్తులు ఇలా కనిపిస్తాయి: [a]. "listen" మీద నొక్కితే ఆ ధ్వనిని వినవచ్చు. గుర్తు మీద నొక్కితే ఆ ధ్వని యొక్క వికి వ్యాసానికి వెళతారు. ధ్వనుల ఆడియొలో హల్లులు విన్నప్పుడు, హల్లు ఒకసారి పలుకబడి, మధ్యలో విరామ చిహ్నంగా 'అ'కారం పలుకబడి, మళ్ళీ హల్లు ఇంకోసారి పలుకబడుతుంది.

ముఖ్యమైన గుర్తులు

రోమన్ లిపి అక్షరాల్లో దేనికి దగ్గరగా ఉంటే, గుర్తును ఆ విభాగంలో పెట్టడమైనది. దేనికీ పోలని గుర్తులు చివరన ఉన్నాయి.

గుర్తు	ఉదాహరణ	అదనపు వ్యాఖ్యలు
^ top అ
[a]	German Mann	For many English speakers, the first part of the ow sound in cow. Found in some dialects of English in cat or father.
[ä]	Mandarin 他 tā, American English ah, Spanish casa, French patte
[aː]	German Aachen, French gare	Long [a].
[ɐ]	RP cut, German Kaiserslautern	(In transcriptions of English, [ɐ] is usually written ⟨ʌ⟩.)
[ɑ]	Finnish Linna, Dutch bad
[ɑː]	RP father, French pâte	Long [ɑ].
[ɑ̃]	French Caen, sans, temps	Nasalized [ɑ].
[ɒ]	RP cot	Like [ɑ], but with the lips slightly rounded.
[ʌ]	American English cut	Like [ɔ], but without the lips being rounded. (When ⟨ʌ⟩ is used for English, it may really be [ɐ] or [ɜ].)
[æ]	'ఎండ'లోని 'ఎ'కారం. ('ఎండు'లోని 'ఎ'కారానికి భిన్నమైనది)	మేషస్వరం
^ top B
[b]	'బ'
[ɓ]	Swahili bwana	Like a [b] said with a gulp. See implosive consonants.
[β]	పెదవులతో పలికే 'వ', బెంగాలీ 'వ'	తెలుగు లిపి సూత్రాల ప్రకారం 'వ' ఓష్ఠ్యం. అంటే రెండు పెదవులతో పలికాలి. కానీ కింది పెదవీ, పై పళ్ళతో సాధారణంగా పలుకుతాము. 'ప', 'బ'లను పలికినట్టు 'వ'ను రెండు పెదవులతో పలికితే ఈ ధ్వని వస్తుంది.
^ top C
[c]	సంస్కృత 'చ'	'చ'ను లిపి సూత్రాలను అనుసరించి నాలుక మధ్య భాగంతో పలకాలి. అలా పలికితే వచ్చే ధ్వని ఇది.
[ç]	'శ'	లిపి సూత్రాలను అనుసరించి నాలుక మధ్యభాగంతో 'శ' ని పలికితే వచ్చే ధ్వని.
[ɕ]	తెలుగు 'శ'.	ఆధునిక ఉచ్చారణలో పలికే 'శ'
[ɔ]	see under O
^ top D
[d]	ఆంగ్ల 'd'	పై చిగురుతో 'డ' పలికితే వచ్చే శబ్దం. నాలుకని పై చిగురుకు అంటించాలి.
[ɗ]	Swahili Dodoma	Like [d] said with a gulp.
[ɖ]	'డ'
[ð]	ఆంగ్లంలో 'th'—ఉదా: the	'ద'ని పలికేటప్పుడు నాలుకకూ పళ్ళకూ మధ్యలో నుండి గాలి వదులుతూ పలికితే వచ్చే శబ్దం.
[dz]	ౙ
[dʒ]	ఆధునిక 'జ'	మనం 'జ' ని ఇలా పలుకుతాము
[dʑ]	Polish niedźwiedź "bear"	Like [dʒ], but with more of a y-sound.
[dʐ]	Polish dżem "jam"	Like [dʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top E
[e]	Spanish fe; French clé
[eː]	German Klee	Long [e]. Similar to English hey, before the y sets in.
[ə]	English above, Hindi ठग [ʈʰəɡ] (thug) "thief"	(Only occurs in English when not stressed.)
[ɚ]	American English runner
[ɛ]	English bet
[ɛ̃]	French Saint-Étienne, vin, main	Nasalized [ɛ].
[ɜ]	RP bird (long)
[ɝ]	American English bird
^ top F
[f]	ఆధునిక 'ఫ'. ఆంగ్ల 'f'
[ɟ]	see under J
[ʄ]	see under J
^ top G
[ɡ]	గ
[ɠ]	Swahili Uganda	Like [ɡ] said with a gulp.
[ɢ]		Like [ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found in Persian and some Arabic dialects for /q/, as in Muammar Gaddafi.
[ʒ]	see under Z	English beige.
^ top H
[h]	విసర్గ-అః	భారతీయ భాషల్లో ఉభయాక్షరము కానీ విదేశీ భాషల్లో ఇది హల్లు
[ɦ]	హ
[ʰ]		మహాప్రాణ ధ్వనిని సూచించే గుర్తు.
[ħ]	Arabic ‏مُحَمَّد‎ Muhammad	Far down in the throat, like [h], but stronger.
[ɥ]	see under Y
[ɮ]	see under L
^ top i
[i]	French ville, Spanish Valladolid
[iː]	English sea	Long [i].
[ɪ]	English sit
[ɨ]	Russian ты "you"	Often used for unstressed English roses.
^ top J
[j]	య
[ʲ]	Russian Ленин [ˈlʲenʲɪn]	Indicates a sound is more y-like.
[ʝ]	Spanish cayo (some dialects)	Like [j], but stronger.
[ɟ]		లిపి సూత్రాలను అనుసరించి నాలుక మధ్యభాగంతో 'జ'ను పలికితే వచ్చే ధ్వని
[ʄ]	Swahili jambo	Like [ɟ] said with a gulp.
^ top K
[k]	'క'
^ top L
[l]	'ల'
[ɫ]	English wool Russian малый [ˈmɑɫɨj] "small"	"Dark" el.
[ɬ]	Welsh llwyd [ɬʊɪd] "grey" Zulu hlala [ɬaːla] "sit"	By touching roof of mouth with tongue and giving a quick breath out. Found in Welsh placenames like Llangollen and Llanelli and Nelson Mandela's Xhosa name Rolihlahla.
[ɭ]	'ళ'
[ɺ]		A flapped [l], like [l] and [ɾ] said together.
[ɮ]	Zulu dla "eat"	Rather like [l] and [ʒ], or [l] and [ð], said together.
^ top M
[m]	'మ'
[ɱ]	English symphony	Like [m], but lips touch teeth as they do in [f].
[ɯ]	see under W
[ʍ]	see under W
^ top N
[n]	'న'
[ŋ]	'ఙ'
[ɲ]	ఞ
[ɳ]	'ణ'
[ɴ]	Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan]	Like [ŋ], but further back, in the throat.
^ top O
[o]	Spanish no, French eau
[oː]	German Boden, French Vosges	Long [o]. Somewhat reminiscent of English no.
[ɔ]	German Oldenburg, French Garonne
[ɔː]	RP law, French Limoges	Long [ɔ].
[ɔ̃]	French Lyon, son	Nasalized [ɔ].
[ø]	French feu, bœufs	Like [e], but with the lips rounded like [o].
[øː]	German Goethe, French Deûle, neutre	Long [ø].
[ɵ]	Swedish dum	Halfway between [o] and [ø]. Similar to [ʊ] but with the tongue slightly more down and front.
[œ]	French bœuf, seul, German Göttingen	Like [ɛ], but with the lips rounded like [ɔ].
[œː]	French œuvre, heure	Long [œ].
[œ̃]	French brun, parfum	Nasalized [œ].
[θ]	see under Others
[ɸ]	see under Others
^ top P
[p]	'ప'
^ top Q
[q]	Arabic ‏قُرْآن‎ Qur’ān	గొంతు లోపల నుండి పలికే 'క'. దేవనాగరి లిపిలో 'క' కింద చుక్కతో సూచింపబడుతుంది—क़। 'కురాన్'—'क़ुरान'లో 'క' ఉచ్చారణ.
^ top R
[r]	ఱ
[ɾ]	ర	"Flapped R".
[ʀ]	Dutch rood and German rot (some speakers)	A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French.
[ɽ]	'వాడు'లో 'డ' కారం (వాండులో 'డ'కారంతో పోల్చితే ఉన్న తేడా.	దేవనాగరిలో 'డ' కింద చుక్కతో సూచింపబడుతుంది—ड़।
[ɹ]	RP borrow
[ɻ]	ఴ
[ʁ]	French Paris, German Riemann	Said back in the throat, but not trilled.
^ top S
[s]	'స'
[ʃ]	English shoe
[ʂ]	'ష'	Acoustically similar to [ʃ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top T
[t]	ఆంగ్ల 't'	'ట' ని నాలుకను పై చిగురుకు తాకించి పలికితే వచ్చే అక్షరం
[ʈ]	'ట'
[ts]	'ౘ'
[tʃ]	ఆధునిక 'చ'
[tɕ]	Mandarin 北京 Běijīng, Polish ciebie "you"	Like [tʃ], but with more of a y-sound.
[tʂ]	Mandarin 真正 zhēnzhèng, Polish czas	Like [tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
^ top U
[u]	French vous "you"
[uː]	French Rocquencourt, German Schumacher, close to RP food	Long [u].
[ʊ]	English foot, German Bundesrepublik
[ʉ]	Australian English food (long)	Like [ɨ], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
[ɥ]	see under Y
[ɯ]	see under W
^ top V
[v]	English verve
[ʋ]	'వ'
[ɤ]	see under Y
[ɣ]	see under Y
[ʌ]	see under A
^ top W
[w]	English wow
[ʷ]	English rain [ɹʷeɪn]	Indicates a sound has lip rounding, quick.
[ʍ]	what (some dialects)	like [h] and [w] said together
[ɯ]	Turkish kayık "caïque", Scottish Gaelic gaol	Like [u], but with the lips flat; something like [ʊ].
[ɰ]	Spanish agua
^ top X
[x]	నాలుకకీ నోటి పై భాగానికీ మధ్యన గాలి వదులుతూ 'క' పలికితే వచ్చు శబ్దం.	'ఖా'న్ వంటి పదాల్లో 'ఖ' ఉచ్చారణ. దేవనాగరిలో 'ఖ' కింద చుక్క పెట్టి సూచిస్తారు—ख़।
[χ]	northern Standard Dutch Scheveningen, Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan]	Like [x], but further back, in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have [χ] for [x].
^ top Y
[y]	French rue	Like [i], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
[yː]	German Bülow, French sûr	Long [y].
[ʏ]	German Düsseldorf	Like [ɪ], but with the lips rounded as for [ʊ].
[ɣ]	Arabic ‏غَالِي‎ ghālī and Swahili ghali "expensive", Spanish suegro	Sounds rather like French [ʁ] or between [ɡ] and [h].
[ɤ]	Mandarin 河南 Hénán, Scottish Gaelic taigh	Like [o] but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of [ʊ] and [ʌ].
[ʎ]	Italian tagliatelle	Like [l], but more y-like. Rather like English volume.
[ɥ]	French lui	Like [j] and [w] said together.
^ top Z
[z]	English zoo
[ʒ]	English vision, French journal
[ʑ]	formal Russian жжёшь [ʑːoʂ] "you burn", Polish źle	More y-like than [ʒ], something like beigey.
[ʐ]	Mandarin 人民日报 Rénmín Rìbào "People's Daily", Russian жир "fat"	Like [ʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ɮ]	see under L
^ top Others
[θ]	English thigh, bath
[ɸ]	Japanese 富士 [ɸɯdʑi] Fuji, Māori [ˌɸaːɾeːˈnuiː] wharenui	Like [p], but with the lips not quite touching
[ʔ]	English uh-oh, Hawai‘i, German die Angst	The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in button [ˈbʌʔn̩], or between vowels across words: Deus ex machina [ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɪnə]; in some nonstandard dialects, in a apple [əˈʔæpl̩].
[ʕ]	Arabic ‏عَرَبِيّ‎ ʻarabī "Arabic"	A light sound deep in the throat.
[ǀ]	English tsk-tsk! or tut-tut!, Zulu icici "earring"	(The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǀ], [ɡǀ], [ŋǀ]. The Zimbabwean MP Ncube has this click in his name, as did Cetshwayo.
[ǁ]	English tchick! tchick!, Zulu ixoxo "frog"	(The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǁ], [ɡǁ], [ŋǁ]. Found in the name of the Xhosa.
[ǃ]	Zulu iqaqa "polecat"	(The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǃ], [ɡǃ], [ŋǃ].

• ^1 ^2 These symbols are officially written with a tie linking them (e.g. t͡ʃ), and are also sometimes written as single characters (e.g. ʧ) though the latter convention is no longer official. They are written without ligatures here to ensure correct display in all browsers.

Marks added to letters

Several marks can be added above, below, before or after letters. These are here shown on a carrier letter such as the vowel a. A more complete list is given at International Phonetic Alphabet § Diacritics and prosodic notation.

Symbol	Example	Description
Signs above a letter
[ã]	French vin blanc [vɛ̃ blɑ̃] "white wine"	A nasal vowel, as with a Texas twang.
[ä]	Portuguese vá [vä] "go"	A central vowel pronounced with the tongue position in the middle of the mouth; neither forward nor back.
Signs below a letter
[a̯]	English cow [kʰaʊ̯], koi [kʰɔɪ̯]	This vowel does not form a syllable of its own, but runs into the vowel next to it. (In English, the diacritic is generally left off: [kaʊ].)
[n̥]		Sounds like a loud whisper; [n̥] is like a whispered breath through the nose. [l̥] is found in Tibetan Lhasa.
[n̩]	English button	A consonant without a vowel. (English [n̩] is often transcribed /ən/.)
[d̪]	Spanish dos, French deux	The tongue touches the teeth more than it does in English.
Signs next to a letter
[kʰ]	English come	Aspirated consonant, pronounced with a puff of air. Similarly [tʰ pʰ tsʰ tʃʰ tɕʰ].
[k’]	Zulu ukuza "come"	Like a popped [k], pushed from the throat. Similarly [tʼ pʼ qʼ tʃʼ tsʼ tɬʼ].
[aː]	English shh! [ʃː]	Long. Often used with English vowels or diphthongs: Mayo /ˈmeːoː/ for [ˈmeɪ̯ɜʊ̯], etc.
[aˑ]	RP caught [ˈkʰɔˑt]	Semi-long. (Although the vowel is different, this is also longer than cot [ˈkʰɒt].)
[ˈa]	pronunciation [pɹ̥əʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩]	Main stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[ˌa]		Weaker stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[.]	English courtship [ˈkɔrt.ʃɪp]	Syllable break. (this is often redundant and therefore left off)

Brackets

Two types of brackets are commonly used to enclose transcriptions in the IPA:

• /Slashes/ indicate sounds that are distinguished as the basic units of words in a language by native speakers; these are called phonemes. Changing the symbols between these slashes would either change the identity of the word or produce nonsense. For example, since there is no meaningful difference to a native speaker between the two sounds written with the letter L in the word lulls, they are considered the same phoneme, and so, using slashes, they are given the same symbol in IPA: /ˈlʌlz/. Similarly, Spanish la bomba is transcribed phonemically with two instances of the same b sound, /la ˈbomba/, despite the fact that they sound different to a speaker of English. Thus a reader who is not familiar with the language in question might not know how to interpret these transcriptions more narrowly.
• [Square brackets] indicate the narrower or more detailed phonetic qualities of a pronunciation, not taking into account the norms of the language to which it belongs; therefore, such transcriptions do not regard whether subtly different sounds in the pronunciation are actually noticeable or distinguishable to a native speaker of the language. Within square brackets is what a foreigner who does not know the structure of a language might hear as discrete units of sound. For instance, the English word lulls may be pronounced in a particular dialect more specifically as [ˈlɐɫz], with different letter L sounds at the beginning and end. This may be obvious to speakers of languages that differentiate between the sounds [l] and [ɫ]. Likewise, Spanish la bomba (pronounced without a pause) has two different b-sounds to the ears of foreigners or linguists—[la ˈβomba]—though a native Spanish speaker might not be able to hear it. Omitting or adding such detail does not make a difference to the identity of the word, but helps to give a more precise pronunciation.

A third kind of bracket is occasionally seen:

• Either //double slashes// or |pipes| (or occasionally other conventions) show that the enclosed sounds are theoretical constructs that are not actually heard. (This is part of morphophonology.) For instance, most phonologists argue that the -s at the ends of verbs, which surfaces as either /s/ in talks /tɔːks/ or as /z/ in lulls /lʌlz/, has a single underlying form. If they decide this form is an s, they would write it //s// (or |s|) to claim that phonemic /tɔːks/ and /lʌlz/ are essentially //tɔːks// and //lʌls// underneath. If they were to decide it was essentially the latter, //z//, they would transcribe these words //tɔːkz// and //lʌlz//.

Lastly,

• ⟨Angle brackets⟩ are used to set off orthography, as well as transliteration from non-Latin scripts. Thus ⟨lulls⟩, ⟨la bomba⟩, the letter ⟨a⟩. Angle brackets are not supported by all fonts, so a template {{angle bracket}} (shortcut {{angbr}}) is used to ensure maximal compatibility. (Comment there if you're having problems.)

Rendering issues

IPA typeface support is increasing, and is now included in several typefaces such as the Times New Roman versions that come with various recent computer operating systems. Diacritics are not always properly rendered, however. IPA typefaces that are freely available online include Gentium, several from the SIL (such as Charis SIL, and Doulos SIL), Dehuti, DejaVu Sans, and TITUS Cyberbit, which are all freely available; as well as commercial typefaces such as Brill, available from Brill Publishers, and Lucida Sans Unicode and Arial Unicode MS, shipping with various Microsoft products. These all include several ranges of characters in addition to the IPA. Modern Web browsers generally do not need any configuration to display these symbols, provided that a typeface capable of doing so is available to the operating system.

Particularly, the following symbols may be shown improperly depending on your font:

Voiced velar plosive
These two characters should look similar: ɡ If in the box to the left you see the symbol rather than a lower-case open-tail g, you may be experiencing a well-known bug in the font MS Reference Sans Serif; switching to another font may fix it. On your current font: [ɡ], and in several other fonts:

Affricates and double articulation

The tie bar is intended to cover both letters of an affricate or doubly articulated consonant. However, if your browser uses Arial Unicode MS to display IPA characters, the following incorrectly formed sequences may look better than the correct order (letter, tie bar, letter) because of a bug in that font: ts͡, tʃ͡, tɕ͡, dz͡, dʒ͡, dʑ͡, tɬ͡, kp͡, ɡb͡, ŋm͡. {{Collapse|Here is how the proper configuration displays in your default IPA font: t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m, and in several other fonts: మూస:MFSample

Angle brackets
True angle brackets, ⟨ ⟩, are unsupported by several common fonts. Here is how they display in your default settings: ⟨...⟩ (unformatted) ⟨...⟩ (default IPA font) ⟨...⟩ (default Unicode font), and in several specific fonts:

Computer input using on-screen keyboard

Online IPA keyboard utilities are available and they cover the (complete) range of IPA symbols and diacritics.

See also

• Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet
• IPA charts for diphthongs in various languages
• Wikipedia:Manual of Style (pronunciation)#Entering IPA characters

External links

• IPA pronunciation chart with audio మూస:Spoken
• IPA Chart with audio మూస:Spoken – pronunciation charts with an interactive chart of all IPA symbols with their sounds (Flash).