అహింసాత్మక ప్రతిఘటన

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1930 మార్చి 12లో ఉప్పు సత్యాగ్రహం
వియత్నాం యుద్ధం ముగింపు కోసం ఆర్లింగ్టన్, వర్జీనియాలో 1967 అక్టోబరు 21న చేస్తున్న ప్రదర్శనలో ప్రదర్శనకారులు మిలటరీ పోలీసులకు పువ్వు ఇస్తున్న దృశ్యం.

అహింసాత్మక ప్రతిఘటన అన్నది శాసనోల్లంఘన, సంకేతాత్మక నిరసనల, ఆర్థిక లేక రాజకీయ సహాయ నిరాకరణ, సత్యాగ్రహం లేదా ఇతర పద్ధతుల ద్వారా హింసను ప్రయోగించకుండా సాంఘిక, రాజకీయ వంటి లక్ష్యాలు సాధించే పద్ధతి. ప్రస్తుత పరిస్థితులను మెరుగుపరచడానికి ఏదో మారాలని, అభివృద్ధి చేయాలని ప్రతిఘటించే వ్యక్తి కానీ, సమూహం కానీ కలిగివున్న ఆకాంక్షలను ఈ చర్యలు ఎత్తిచూపుతాయి. విస్తృతంగా, పొరపాటుగా దీన్ని శాసనోల్లంఘనకు సమానార్థకంగా పోలుస్తారు. అహింసాత్మక ప్రతిఘటన, శాసనోల్లంఘనలకు వేర్వేరు ప్రయోజనాలు, వేర్వేరు అర్థాలు, పద్ధతులు ఉన్నాయి.

ఆధునిక రూపంలో అహింసాత్మక ప్రతిఘటనకు విస్తృత ప్రాచుర్యం కల్పించి, దాని ప్రభావాన్ని నిరూపించినది భారతీయ నాయకుడు మహాత్మా గాంధీ. బ్రిటీష్ సామ్రాజ్యం నుంచి భారతదేశానికి స్వాతంత్ర్యం తీసుకువచ్చేందుకు ఆయన చేసిన పోరాటాల్లో అహింసాత్మక ప్రతిఘటనను ప్రయోగించి, దాని విధానాలను ఏర్పరిచి, అభివృద్ధి చేసి ఓ రాజకీయ ఆయుధంగా తీర్చిదిద్దారు.

ప్రధానమైన అహింసాత్మక ప్రతిఘటన సమర్థకుల్లో మహాత్మా గాంధీ, హెన్రీ డేవిడ్ థోరో, జీన్ షార్ప్, టె వైతి ఓ రొంగొమాయ్, తొహు కాకహి, లౌకి నములౌలు మమౌ, లియో టాల్ స్టాయ్, అలైస్ పాల్, మార్టిన్ లూథర్ కింగ్ జూనియర్, జేమ్స్ బెవెల్, వేక్లావ్ హావెల్, ఆండ్రై సఖరోవ్, లెక్ వలెసా వంటివారు ఉన్నారు. ఈ అంశంపై అనేక పుస్తకాలు, పత్రాలు వెలువడ్డాయి.

1966 నుంచి 1999 వరకూ నిరంకుశత్వం నుంచి జరిగిన అధికార మార్పిడుల్లో 67లో 50 సంఘటనల్లో అహింసాత్మక పౌర ప్రతిఘటన ప్రధాన పాత్ర పోషించింది.[1] ఇటీవలి జార్జియాలో రోజ్ విప్లవం, ఉక్రెయిన్లో ఆరెంజ్ విప్లవాలకు అహింసాత్మక ప్రతిఘటన నేపథ్యంగా ఉంది. ప్రస్తుతం బెలారస్లో  బ్లూ జీన్స్ విప్లవం, ట్యునీషియాలో జాస్మిన్ విప్లవం వంటివాటిని అహింసాత్మక ప్రతిఘటనతో నడిపిస్తున్నారు. అహింస, శాంతిని ఆధారం చేసుకున్న ఉద్యమాల్లో అహింసాత్మక చర్యలను స్వీకరించి రాజకీయ, సామాజిక లక్ష్యాలను సాధిస్తూన్నారు. వారు అహింసాత్మక ప్రతిఘటన విధానాలైన సమాచార యుద్ధతంత్రం, పికెటింగ్, పాదయాత్రలు, జాగరణలు, కరపత్ర పంపిణీ, నిషేధిత సాహిత్యం అమ్మకం లేదా పంపిణీ, సత్యాగ్రహం, నిరసన చిత్రకళ, నిరసన సంగీతం, కవిత్వం, సమాజాన్ని విద్యావంతం చేయడం, చైతన్యం పెంచడం, లాబీయింగ్, పన్నుల చెల్లింపు నిరాకరణ, శాసనోల్లంఘన, బాయ్ కాట్, శాంక్షన్లు, న్యాయపరమైన లేక దౌత్యపరమైన పోరాటం, అండర్ గ్రౌండ్ రైల్ రోడ్లు, సైద్ధాంతికంగా అవార్డులు, గౌరవాల తిరస్కరణ, సాధారణ సమ్మెలు వంటివి ప్రయోగిస్తూంటారు. అహింసాత్మక చర్యలు పెసిఫిజం లేక శాంతియుత పరిష్కారం వంటివి వేర్వేరు, అహింసాత్మక చర్యలు ప్రధానంగా చొరవగా, క్రియాశీలకంగా సాగుతాయి.

హింసాయుతమైన సమీకరణలకు దారితీసే కారణాలను అర్థం చేసుకోవడానికి చాలా అధ్యయనం జరిగినా, వివాదాల్లో కొన్ని హింసాత్మకం, మరికొన్ని అహింసాత్మకం ఎందుకు అవుతాయో, సంప్రదాయ బద్ధమైన రాజకీయాలకు బదులు ఈ రెండు వ్యూహాత్మక ఎంపికల్లో ఏది ఏ సందర్భంలో ఎంపిక చేసుకుంటారన్న తులనాత్మక అధ్యయనం చాలా తక్కువగా జరిగింది.

అహింసాత్మక ప్రతిఘటన చరిత్ర

[మార్చు]
తేదీ ప్రాంతం ప్రధానాంశం సారాంశం మూలాలు
క్రీ.పూ. 470–391 చైనా మోహిజం వ్యూహం మోహిజం తాత్త్వికత యుద్ధాన్ని నిరాకరిస్తోంది. ఏదేమైనా యుద్ధ రాజకీయాల కాలంలో జీవించడం వల్ల, కోటలు కట్టుకోవడమనే శాస్త్రాన్ని బాగా అభివృద్ధి చేసుకున్నారు.
సుమారు సా.శ.. 26–36 జూదియా (ప్రస్తుత పాలస్తీనాలోని పర్వత ప్రాంతం)
పోంతియస్ పిలేట్ కు యూదుల నిరసన
 యూదులు సీసరియాలో పోంతియస్ పిలేట్ ను రోమన్ చక్రవర్తి చిత్రాలు, జ్యూపిటర్ డేగనీ జెరూసలేంలో ఏర్పరచవద్దని కోరారు. (ఈ చిత్రాల ఏర్పాటు విగ్రహారాధనగా భావించారు) యూదు నిరసనకారులను సైనికులు చుట్టుముట్టారు, పిలేట్ వారిని చంపిస్తానని బెదిరించారు. ఐతే వారు తోరా శాసన ఉల్లంఘన చూస్తూ జీవించడం కన్నా మరణించేందుకే తాము ఇష్టపడతున్నామని సమాధానమిచ్చారు.
1500–1835
 చాతం ద్వీపాలు, న్యూజిలాండ్ మొరియోరీ ప్రజల శాంతియుత ప్రతిఘటన
 మొరియోరీ అన్నది న్యూజిలాండ్ మాయోరీలో భాగం, వీరు నివసించే చాతమ్ ద్వీపంలో వలసపాలన నెలకొనడంతో క్రమంగా వేటగాళ్ళు అయ్యారు. వారి వనరుల లేమి కారణంగానూ, చిన్న జనాభా అవడంతోనూ సంప్రదాయ యుద్ధ పద్ధతులు నిర్వహించలేకపోవడంతో వివాదాలను అహింసాత్మకంగా కానీ, మత సంప్రదాయానుసారం కానీ పరిష్కరించుకోవడం సంప్రదాయం అయింది. దీంతో 1935లో 900 మంది మాయోరీలు ఈ ద్వీపం మీద దాడిచేసినప్పుడు 2వేల మంది మొరియోరీ ప్రజలు బానిసలు అవడం, మరణించడం, నరమాంస భక్షణకు గురికావడమో జరిగి నశించారు. [2][3][4]
1856-1920 అమెరికా యునైటెడ్ స్టేట్స్ లో మహిళల హక్కులు అమెరికాలో మహిళలకు ఓటుహక్కు కోసం నిరసన ఉద్యమాన్ని దాదాపు శతాబ్ది పాటు సాగించారు.
1819 ఇంగ్లాండ్ పీటర్లూ మారణకాండ ఉత్తర ఇంగ్లాండులో కరువు, తీవ్ర నిరుద్యోగాలు, ఓటుహక్కు లేమి వంటివి 60వేల నుంచి 80వేలమంది జనాలు పాల్గొన్న శాంతియుతమైన నిరసన ప్రదర్శనలకు దారితీశాయి. The demonstration was organized and rehearsed, with a "prohibition of all weapons of offence or defence" and exhortations to come "armed with no other weapon but that of a self-approving conscience". Cavalry charged into the crowd, with sabres drawn, and in the ensuing confusion, 15 people were killed and 400–700 were injured. Newspapers expressed horror, and Percy Shelley glorified nonviolent resistance in the poem The Masque of Anarchy. However, the British government cracked down on reform, with the passing of what became known as the Six Acts.
1834–38 Trinidad End of Slavery in Trinidad The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, then the colonial power in Trinidad, first announced in 1833 the impending total liberation of slaves by 1840. In 1834 at an address by the Governor at Government House about the new laws, an unarmed group of mainly elderly people of African descent began chanting: "Pas de six ans. Point de six ans" ("No six years. Not at all six years"), drowning out the voice of the Governor. Peaceful protests continued until the passing of a resolution to abolish apprenticeship and the achievement of de facto freedom. [5][6]
1838 US Cherokee removal The Cherokee refused to recognize the fraudulent Treaty of New Echota and therefore did not sell their livestock or goods, and did not pack anything to travel to the west before the soldiers came and forcibly removed them. That ended tragically in the Cherokee trail of tears.
1849-1867 Habsburg Monarchy Passive Resistance (Hungary) In the failed Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarians tried to regain independence, and were defeated by the Austrian Empire only with the aid of the Russian Empire. After 1848, the empire instituted several constitutional reforms, trying to resolve the problem, but without success. The resistance was instrumental in keeping up hope and spirit in a Hungary fully incorporated into Austria and characterized by reprisals against political dissidents, thousands of treason trials, military governance, centralization, absolutism, censorship and direct control of Vienna over every aspect of public life. Their followers carefully avoided any political agitation or criticism of the establishment, and strictly concentrated on national issues of non-political nature, such as the use of the Hungarian language, development of the Hungarian economy, and protection of the legal standing of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
1860–1894, 1915–1918 New Zealand Tainui-Waikato Māంri King Tāwhiao forbade Waikato Māంri using violence in the face of British colonisation, saying in 1881 "The killing of men must stop; the destruction of land must stop. I shall bury my patu in the earth and it shall not rise again ... Waikato, lie down. Do not allow blood to flow from this time on." This was inspirational to Waikato Māంri who refused to fight in World War I. In response, the government brought in conscription for the Tainui-Waikato people (other Māంri iwi were exempt), but they continued to resist, the majority of conscripts choosing to suffer harsh military punishments rather than join the army. For the duration of the war, no Tainui soldiers were sent overseas. [7]
1879–1881 New Zealand Parihaka The Māంri village of Parihaka became the center of passive resistance campaigns against Europeans occupying confiscated land in the area. More than 400 followers of the prophet Te Whiti o Rongomai were arrested and jailed, most without trial. Sentences as long as 16 months were handed out for the acts of ploughing land and erecting fences on their property. More than 2000 inhabitants remained seated when 1600 armed soldiers raided and destroyed the village. [8][9]
1903–1906 United Kingdom Protest against the Education Act of 1902 This civil disobedience movement was launched against the Education Act of 1902 to defend the rights and influence of Nonconformist denominations in British school boards. Nonconformists believed this law to be calculated to support denominational (mainly Anglican and Catholic) religious teaching in the schools. John Clifford, a baptist minister, led the movement, which consisted in refusing to pay the taxes established by the 1902 Education Act. By 1906, over 170 men had been imprisoned for this refusal, and yet no change to the law was made.[10] The movement had a large share in the defeat of the Unionist government in January 1906 but failed to achieve its ultimate aim of getting a nondenominational act passed. [11]
1905 Russia Bloody Sunday (1905) Unarmed demonstrators led by Father Georgy Gapon marched to the Winter Palace to present a petition to the Czar. They were fired upon by soldiers of the Imperial Guard. [12]
1908–62 Samoa Mau movement Nonviolent movement for Samoan independence from colonial rule in the early 20th century. [13][14]
1919. 2.8, 3.1 Korea March 1st Movement This movement became the inspiration of the later Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi's Satyagraha—resistance and many other non-violent movement in Asia. [15]
1919–22 Egypt Egyptian Revolution of 1919 A countrywide revolution against the British occupation of Egypt. It was carried out by Egyptians from different walks of life in the wake of the British-ordered exile of revolutionary leader Saad Zaghlul and other members of the Wafd Party in 1919. The event led to Egyptian independence in 1922 and the implementation of a new constitution in 1923.
1919–21 Ireland Irish Non-cooperation movement During the Irish War for Independence, Irish nationalists used many non-violent means to resist British rule. Amongst these was abstention from the British parliament, tax boycotts, and the creation of alternative local government, Dáil Courts, and police. [16]
1919–present Palestine Palestinian Protests in West Bank Palestinian groups have worked with Israelis and foreign citizens to organize civilian monitors of Israeli military activity in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Peace camps and strategic non-violent resistance to Israeli construction of Jewish settlements and of the West Bank Barrier have also been consistently adopted as tactics by Palestinians. Citizens of the Palestinian village of Beit Sahour also engaged in a tax strike during the First Intifada.

In 2010, A "White Intifada" took hold in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. Weekly protests by Peaceful Palestinian activities accompanied by B'Tselem ( the Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories) in addition to Israel academics and students against settlers and security forces. The EU through its foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton has criticised Israel for convicting an organiser of the peaceful movement and said that she was deeply concerned about the arrest of Abdullah Abu Rahmeh. There have been two fatalities among protesters and an American peace activist suffered brain damage after being hit by a tear gas canister.

[17][18][19][20][21][22]
1920–22 India Non-cooperation movement A series of nationwide people's movements of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience, led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) and the Indian National Congress. In addition to bringing about independence, Gandhi's nonviolence also helped improve the status of the Untouchables in Indian society.[మూలాలు తెలుపవలెను]
1923 Germany The Occupation of the Ruhr With the aim of occupying the centre of German coal, iron, and steel production in the Ruhr valley; France invaded Germany for neglecting some of its reparation payments after World War I. The occupation of the Ruhr was initially greeted by a campaign of passive resistance.
1930–34 India Civil disobedience movement Nonviolent resistance marked by rejecting British imposed taxes, boycotting British manufactured products and mass strikes, led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) and the Indian National Congress.
1933–45 Germany German Resistance Throughout World War II, there were a series of small and usually isolated groups that used nonviolent techniques against the Nazis. These groups include the White Rose and the Confessional Church.
1940–43 Denmark Danish resistance movement During World War II, after the invasion of the Wehrmacht, the Danish government adopted a policy of official co-operation (and unofficial obstruction) which they called "negotiation under protest." Embraced by many Danes, the unofficial resistance included slow production, emphatic celebration of Danish culture and history, and bureaucratic quagmires.
1940–44 France Le Chambon-sur-Lignon Jewish refuge During World War II, with the leadership of two pacifist local ministers André Trocmé and Edouard Theis, the citizens of the village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon (and of the neighbouring areas) risked their lives to hide Jews who were being rounded up by the Nazis and the collaborationist Vichy regime and sent to the death camps. This as done in open defiance of the Vichy government's orders. It is estimated that the people of the area of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon saved between 3,000-5,000 Jews from certain death. A small garden and plaque on the grounds of the Yad Vashem memorial to the Holocaust in Israel was dedicated to the people of le Chambon-sur-Lignon.
1940–45 Norway Norwegian resistance movement During World War II, Norwegian civil disobedience included preventing the Nazification of Norway's educational system, distributing of illegal newspapers, and maintaining social distance (an "ice front") from the German soldiers.
1942 India Quit India Movement The Quit India Movement (Bharat Chhodo Andolan or the August Movement) was a civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942 in response to Mohandas Gandhi's call for immediate independence.
1945–71 South Africa Defiance Campaign

Internal resistance to South African apartheid

The ANC and allied anti-apartheid groups initially carried out non-violent resistance against pro-racial segregation and apartheid governments in South Africa.
1946–1958 Territory of Hawaii Hawaii Democratic Revolution of 1954 Following World War II, general strikes were initiated by the large working poor against racial and economic inequality under Hawaii's plantation economy. Movement members took over most of the government in 1954 and the State of Hawaii was established in 1959.
1955–68 USA Civil Rights Movement

Chicano Movement
Mass anti-war protests in the United States

Tactics of nonviolent resistance, such as bus boycotts, freedom rides, sit-ins, marches, and mass demonstrations, were used during the Civil Rights Movement. This movement succeeded in bringing about legislative change, making separate seats, drinking fountains, and schools for African Americans illegal, and obtaining full Voting Rights and open housing. [23][24]
1957–present USA Committee for Non-Violent Action Among the most dedicated to nonviolent resistance against the US arsenal of nuclear weapons has been the Plowshares Movement, consisting largely of Catholic priests, such as Dan Berrigan, and nuns. Since the first Plowshares action in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania during the autumn of 1980, more than 70 of these actions have taken place. [25][26][27]
1959–present Cuba Cuban opposition since 1959 There have been many nonviolent activists in opposition to Cuba's authoritarian regime. Among these are Pedro Luis Boitel (1931–1972), Guillermo Fariñas Hernández ("El Coco"), and Jorge Luis García Pérez (known as Antúnez), all of whom have performed hunger strikes. [28][29][30]
1965–1972 USA Draft resistance During the Vietnam War, many young Americans chose to resist the military draft by refusing to cooperate with the Selective Service System. Techniques of resistance included misrepresenting one's physical or mental condition to the draft board, disrupting draft board processes, going "underground", going to jail, leaving the country, and publicly promoting such activities. [31][32][33]
February 11, 1967 US Los Angeles Black Cat Protest (1), Homosexual Bar and Site of Civil Resistance to Heightened Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) Raids against Homosexual Establishments throughout the City, especially in the Homosexual Quarter known as Sunset Junction (2) District/East Hollywood An Historic Cultural Monument, City of Los Angeles, recognized as a site of Peaceful Civil Resistance in the struggle for Homosexual Civil Rights in the United States. The standoff is significant in that it occurred a year prior to the 1968 Stonewall Riots in New York. The Stonewall Bar in the Greenwich Village section of Manhattan was listed to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. A tense standoff and potential riot between Hundreds of LAPD riot gear-laden police officers, who were determined to quell the swelling crowds that exceeded four hundred homosexual citizens, was averted after a last minute plea from then new Governor Ronald Reagan, via an openly gay Republican Judicial Appointee who acted as a personal envoy of the Governor to LAPD Commanders at the site of the standoff, was accepted, and a stand down order given which ordered the hundreds of LAPD officers present to cease and desist from further unprovoked harassment of homosexuals in Los Angeles for decades. The plea was successfully communicated and accepted by the LAPD hierarchy, and represented the first time that a stand down order was given by the LAPD, and was the last time until 2001, that the Los Angeles Police Department would engage in raiding an establishment, or public assembly of homosexuals in Los Angeles for decades. The hundreds who gathered to peacefully protest raids perceived as unwarranted, and often violent, against LGBT meeting sites in Los Angeles, observed a success in the struggle for Homosexual Civil Rights. [34]

[35] [36]

1968 Worldwide Protests of 1968 The protests that raged throughout 1968 were for the most part student-led. Worldwide, campuses became the front-line battle grounds for social change. While opposition to the Vietnam War dominated the protests, students also protested for civil liberties, against racism, for feminism, and the beginnings of the Ecology movement can be traced to the protests against nuclear and biological weapons during this year. [37]
1968 Czechoslovakia Prague Spring During the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, the Czechoslovak citizens responded to the attack on their sovereignty with passive resistance. Russian troops were frustrated as street signs were painted over, their water supplies mysteriously shut off, and buildings decorated with flowers, flags, and slogans like, "An elephant cannot swallow a hedgehog."
1970–81 France Larzac In response to an expansion of a military base, local farmers including José Bové and other supporters including Lanza del Vasto took part in nonviolent resistance. The military expansion was canceled after ten years of resistance.
1979 Iran Iranian Revolution The Iranian Revolution of 1979 or 1979 Revolution (often known as the Islamic Revolution), refers to events involving the overthrow of Iran's monarchy under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. [38]
1980–1981 as movement Poland Solidarity

Solidarnosc Walczaca
Orange Alternative etc.

Solidarity, a broad anti-communist social movement ranging from people associated with the Roman Catholic Church workers and intellectuals to members of the anti-communist Left (minority), advocated non-violence in its members' activities. Additionally, the Orange Alternative offered a wider group of citizens an alternative way of opposition against the authoritarian regime by means of a peaceful protest that used absurd and nonsensical elements. [39][40][41]
1986 Philippines People Power Revolution A series of nonviolent and prayerful mass street demonstrations that toppled Ferdinand Marcos and placed Corazon C. Aquino into power. After an election which had been condemned by the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines, over two million Filipinos protested human rights violations, election fraud, massive political corruption, and other abuses of the Marcos regime. Yellow was a predominant theme, the colour being associated with Corazon Aquino and her husband, Benigno S. Aquino Jr., who was assassinated three years prior.
1988-2016 Burma Nonviolent Movement for Freedom and Democracy Starting from 1988 Peaceful Demonstration led by Aung San Suu Kyi that caused her house arrest and thousands killed and jailed and tortured by the military, the struggle continues more than two decades. Despite of many victims and painful process (including annulled winning of 1990 election), it was happily ended by the victory of opposition party on 2015 election and Aung San Suu Kyi has elected as the country first state counsellor.[విడమరచి రాయాలి]
1987–1989/1991 The Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) Singing Revolution A cycle of mass demonstrations featuring spontaneous singing in The Baltic States. The movement eventually collected 4,000,000 people who sang national songs and hymns, which were strictly forbidden during the years of the Soviet occupation of the Baltic States, as local rock musicians played. In later years, people acted as human shields to protect radio and TV stations from the Soviet tanks, eventually regaining Lithuania's, Latvia's, and Estonia's independence without any bloodshed. [42]
1989 China Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Nonviolence in 1989 Tiananmen protests
1989 Czechoslovakia Velvet Revolution
1989–90 East Germany Monday demonstrations in East Germany The Monday demonstrations in East Germany in 1989 and 1990 (German:Montagsdemonstrationen

) were a series of peaceful political protests against the authoritarian government of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) of East Germany that took place every Monday evening.

1990–91 Azerbaijan SSR Black January A crackdown of Azeri protest demonstrations by the Red Army in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR. The demonstrators protested against ethnic violence, demanded the ousting of communist officials and called for independence from the Soviet Union.
2000 Serbia Otpor! Otpor! (English: Resistance!) was a civic youth movement that existed as such from 1998 until 2003 in Serbia (then a federal unit within FR Yugoslavia), employing nonviolent struggle against the regime of Slobodan Milošević as their course of action. In the course of two-year nonviolent struggle against Milosevic, Otpor spread across Serbia and attracted more than 70,000 supporters. They were credited for their role in the successful overthrow of Slobodan Milošević on 5 October 2000.
2003 Liberia Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace This peace movement, started by women praying and singing in a fish market, brought an end to the Second Liberian Civil War in 2003.
2004–05 Israel Israel's unilateral disengagement plan of 2004 Protesters opposing Israel's unilateral disengagement plan of 2004 nonviolently resisted impending evacuations of Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Protesters blocked several traffic intersections, resulting in massive gridlock and delays throughout Israel. While Israeli police had received advance notice of the action, opening traffic intersections proved extremely difficult. Eventually, over 400 demonstrators were arrested, including many juveniles. Further large demonstrations planned to commence when Israeli authorities, preparing for disengagement, cut off access to the Gaza Strip. During the confrontation, mass civil disobedience failed to emerge in Israel proper. However, some settlers and their supporters resisted evacuation non-violently.
2004–2005 Ukraine Orange Revolution A series of protests and political events that took place in Ukraine in the immediate aftermath of the run-off vote of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election which was marred by massive corruption, voter intimidation and direct electoral fraud. Nationwide, the democratic revolution was highlighted by a series of acts of civil disobedience, sit-ins, and general strikes organized by the opposition movement.
2005 Lebanon Cedar Revolution A chain of demonstrations in Lebanon (especially in the capital Beirut) triggered by the assassination of the former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri on February 14, 2005.
2005-2006, 2009 Ukraine Remember about the Gas — Do not buy Russian goods! A campaign to boycott Russian goods as a reaction to political pressure of Russian Federation to Ukraine in the gas conflicts of 2005-2006 and 2008–2009 years.
2010-2011 Tunisia Tunisian Revolution A chain of demonstrations against unemployment and government corruption in Tunisia began in December 2010. Protests were triggered by the self-immolation of vegetable seller Mohamed Bouazizi and resulted in the overthrow of 24-year-ruling president Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali on January 14, 2011.
2011 Egypt Egyptian Revolution A chain of protests, sit-ins, and strikes by millions of Egyptians starting January 25, 2011 eventually led to the resignation of President Hosni Mubarak on February 11.
2011 Libya Libyan Protests Protests against the regime of Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi began on January 13, 2011. In late January, Jamal al-Hajji, a writer, political commentator and accountant, "call[ed] on the Internet for demonstrations to be held in support of greater freedoms in Libya" inspired by the Tunisian and Egyptian revolutions. He was arrested on 1 February by plain-clothes police officers, and charged on 3 February with injuring someone with his car. Amnesty International stated that because al-Hajji had previously been imprisoned for his non-violent political opinions, the real reason for the present arrest appeared to be his call for demonstrations.[43] In early February, Gaddafi, on behalf of the Jamahiriya, met with political activists, journalists and media figures and warned them that they would be held responsible if they disturbed the peace or created chaos in Libya.[44] The plans to protest were inspired by the Tunisian and Egyptian revolution.[44]
2011 Syria Syrian Uprising Protests against the regime of President Bashar al-Assad began on March 15, 2011. Security forces responded with a harsh crackdown, arresting thousands of dissidents and killing hundreds of protesters. Peaceful protests were largely crushed by the army or subsided as rebels and Islamist fighters took up arms against the government, leading to a full-blown rebellion against the Assad regime.
2011–present Bahrain Bahraini uprising (2011–present) Inspired by the regional Arab Spring, protests started in Bahrain on 14 February. The government responded harshly, killing four protesters camping in Pearl Roundabout. Later, protesters were allowed to reoccupy the roundabout where they staged large marches amounting to 150,000 participants.

On 14 March, Saudi-led GCC forces were requested by the government and entered the country, which the opposition called an "occupation". The following day, a state of emergency was declared and protests paused after a brutal crackdown was launched against protesters, including doctors and bloggers. Nearly 3,000 people have been arrested, and at least five people died due to torture while in police custody.

Protests resumed after lifting emergency law on 1 June, and several large rallies were staged by the opposition parties, including a march on 9 March 2012 attended by over 100,000. Smaller-scale protests and clashes outside of the capital have continued to occur almost daily. More than 80 people had died since the start of the uprising.

[45]
2011–present Spain 2011–2013 Spanish protests
2011 US Occupy Wall Street
2012–present Mexico Yo Soy 132
2013–present Turkey 2013 protests in Turkey Peaceful protests against reconstruction of Gezi Park at Istanbul's landmark Taksim Square, turned into protests against Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Over one million people nonviolently resisted police brutal force. Started in Istanbul, protests spread in 10 days to over 82 cities of Turkey. Significant violence from the police side was manifested by use of tear gas and rubber bullets. Many people were arrested, including haphazard arrests of people simply standing at the square. [46]
2013–present Ukraine Do not buy Russian goods! A campaign to boycott Russian goods as a reaction to a series of Russian trade embargos against Ukraine and military invasion of Russia in Ukraine.
2014–present Hong Kong Umbrella Revolution Student class boycotts and public demonstrations followed by spontaneous outbreak of civil disobedience and street occupation lasting 79 days.
2016-present Zimbabwe #ThisFlag Movement Mass Stay Aways which were backed by a rigorous social media campaign to bring social and political change in Zimbabwe.

Notes and references

[మార్చు]
  1. ↑ "A Force More Powerful". A Force More Powerful. 2010-07-01. Archived from the original on 2010-09-17. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
  2. ↑ Diamond, Jared (1997). Guns, germs, and steel: the fates of human societies (book). W. W. Norton & Company. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-393-03891-0. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  3. ↑ Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute (book). New Zealand Institute. 1902. p. 124. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  4. ↑ Rawlings-Way, Charles (2008). New Zealand (book). Lonely Planet. p. 686. ISBN 978-1-74104-816-2. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  5. ↑ Littell, Eliakim; Littell, Robert (1846). The Living Age. Littell, Son and Co. p. 410. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  6. ↑ Capadose, Henry (1845). Sixteen Years in the West Indies. T.C. Newby. Archived from the original on 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  7. ↑ "Resistance to conscription - Maori and the First World War | NZHistory.net.nz, New Zealand history online". Nzhistory.net.nz. 2007-07-17. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
  8. ↑ James Cowan, The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume II, 1922, page 478.
  9. ↑ The Legacy of Parihaka
  10. ↑ Searle, G.R. (1971). The Quest for National Efficiency: a Study in British Politics and Political Thought, 1899-1914. University of California Press. pp. 207–16.
  11. ↑ Sources quoted in John Clifford and Education Act of 1902 Wikipedia pages.
  12. ↑ A History of Modern Europe 1789–1968 by Herbert L. Peacock m.a.
  13. ↑ McCarthy, Ronald; Sharp, Gene; Bennett, Brad (1997). Nonviolent action: a research guide (book). Taylor & Francis. p. 342. ISBN 978-0-8153-1577-3. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  14. ↑ Powers, Roger; Vogele, William; Kruegler, Christopher (1997). Protest, Power, and Change (book). Taylor & Francis. p. 314. ISBN 978-0-8153-0913-0. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  15. ↑ "Why Did Mao, Nehru and Tagore Applaud the March First Movement?". Korea Focus. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
  16. ↑ Hopkinson, Michael (2004). The Irish War of Independence (book). McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7735-2840-6. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  17. ↑ "EU rebukes Israel for convicting Palestinian protester". BBC News. 2010-08-26.
  18. ↑ Dajani, Jamal (2010-04-21). "Deporting Gandhi from Palestine". Huffington Post.
  19. ↑ "Palestinians test out Gandhi-style protest". BBC News. 2010-04-14.
  20. ↑ Dana, Joseph (2010-10-25). "Criminalizing Peaceful Protest: Israel Jails Another Palestinian Gandhi". Huffington Post.
  21. ↑ http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/west-bank-arrest-violated-international-law-palestinian-claims-1.357812
  22. ↑ "ఆర్కైవ్ నకలు". Archived from the original on 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
  23. ↑ Nashville Student Movemen ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans
  24. ↑ Arsenault, Raymond (2006). Freedom Riders (book). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513674-6. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
  25. ↑ Garrison, Dee (2006). Bracing for Armageddon: why civil defense never worked (book). Oxford University Press US. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-19-518319-1. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  26. ↑ Knopf, Jeffrey W. (1998). Domestic society and international cooperation (book). Cambridge University Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-0-521-62691-0. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  27. ↑ Bennett, Scott (2003). Radical pacifism (book). Syracuse University Press. pp. 235–236. ISBN 978-0-8156-3003-6. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  28. ↑ "Guillermo Fariñas ends seven-month-old hunger strike for Internet access". Reporters Without Borders. 1 September 2006.
  29. ↑ "Amnesty International USA's Medical Action". Archived from the original on 2009-06-16. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
  30. ↑ Pérez, José Luis García (2005). Boitel vive: Testimonio desde el actual presidio político cubano. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. p. 7. ISBN 978-987-21129-3-6. Archived from the original (book) on 2013-11-14. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  31. ↑ Foley, Michael S. (2003).
  32. ↑ Gottlieb, Sherry Gershon (1991).
  33. ↑ Williams, Roger Neville (1971).
  34. ↑ Black Cat Protest (Now LeBar), లాస్ ఏంజలెస్, Historic Cultural Monument Resistance to LAPD Raids Against Homosexuals| year = 2009
  35. ↑ (1) Adair, Bill; Kenny, Moira; and Samudio, Jeffrey B., 2000, Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian History Tour (single folded sheet with text).
  36. ↑ (2) Faderman, Lillian and Timmons, Stuart (2006).
  37. ↑ Rootes, Christopher. "1968 and the Environmental Movement in Europe." [1][permanent dead link]
  38. ↑ [2] Archived జూన్ 9, 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ↑ Steger, Manfred B (January 2004). Judging Nonviolence: The Dispute Between Realists and Idealists (ebook). Routledge (UK). p. 114. ISBN 0-415-93397-8. Retrieved 2006-07-09.
  40. ↑ Paul Wehr; Guy Burgess; Heidi Burgess, eds. (February 1993). Justice Without Violence (ebook). Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 28. ISBN 1-55587-491-6. Retrieved 2006-07-06.
  41. ↑ Cavanaugh-O'Keefe, John (January 2001). Emmanuel, Solidarity: God's Act, Our Response. Xlibris Corporation. p. 68. ISBN 0-7388-3864-0.
  42. ↑ "Summary/Observations - The 2006 State of World Liberty Index: Free People, Free Markets, Free Thought, Free Planet". Stateofworldliberty.org. Archived from the original on 2010-09-30. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
  43. ↑ "Libyan Writer Detained Following Protest Call". Amnesty International. 8 February 2011. Archived from the original on 8 ఫిబ్రవరి 2011. Retrieved 4 డిసెంబరు 2016.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Mahmoud, Khaled (9 February 2011). "Gaddafi Ready for Libya's 'Day of Rage'". Asharq Al-Awsat. Archived from the original on 10 ఫిబ్రవరి 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
  45. ↑ Due to nature of this table, inline citations weren't used.
  46. ↑ "everywheretaksim.net - online archive of articles and data related to the Turkish protests 2013".
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