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కలప

వికీపీడియా నుండి

కలప వృక్షాల నుండి లభించే ముఖ్యమైన పదార్థము.

కలప

భారతదేశపు కలప చెట్లు

[మార్చు]

భారతదేశంలో సుమారు 150 జాతుల కలప చెట్లు గుర్తించారు. వానిలో ముఖ్యమైనవి క్రింద వివరించబడ్డాయి:

సాధారణ నామం ద్వినామ నామకరణ రంగు సాంధ్రత ప్రాంతం లక్షణాలు, ఉపయోగాలు
అని లేక అంగిలి Artocarpus hirsutus Yellowish brown 595 kg/m³ Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, తమిళనాడు, Karnataka, కేరళ Elastic, close-grained, and strong. It takes polish. It can be used underwater. It is used for ordinary building construction, structural work, paving, furniture and so forth.
తెల్ల మద్ది టెర్మినేలియా అర్జున Terminalia alata ముదురు గోధుమ 870 kg/m³ మధ్య భారతదేశం It is heavy and strong. It has such uses as beams, rafters, and posts.
Axlewood Anogeissus latifolia 930 kg/m³ Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh It is very strong, hard and tough. It takes a smooth finish. It is liable to cracking.
నల్ల తుమ్మ అకేషియా నిలోటికా subsp. indica|Acacia nilotica indica లేత ఎరుపు 835 kg/m³ ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్, మహారాష్ట్ర, మధ్య ప్రదేశ్, తమిళనాడు, కర్ణాటక, బెంగాల్, గుజరాత్, ఉత్తర ప్రదేశ్ It is strong, hard and tough and it takes up a good polish. It is used for such products as bodies and wheels of bullock cart, agricultural instruments, tool handles, and well curbs.
పొగడ Mimusops elengi Mimusops parvifolia[1] గోధుమ ఎరుపు 880 kg/m³ Some parts of North India It is close-grained and tough. It is used for making cabinets.
వెదురు కుటుంబం పోయేసి, tribe Bambuseae తెలుపు భారతదేశం అంతటా, ముఖ్యంగా అస్సాం, బెంగాల్ Not actually a tree, but a woody grass, it is flexible, very strong and durable. It is used for scaffoldings, thatched roofs, rafters, temporary bridges, and so forth.
మర్రి ఫైకస్, subgenus Urostigma గోధుమ 580 kg/m³ భారతదేశం అంతటా It is strong and durable only under water. The aerial roots are utilized for such items as tent poles and well curbs.
Benteak Lagerstroemia parviflora 675 kg/m³ Kerala, Madras, Maharashtra, Karnataka It is strong and takes up a smooth surface. It may be used for building constructions, boat building and furniture.
ఏగిస Pterocarpus marsupium లేత గోధుమ 800 kg/m³ కర్ణాటక, ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్, మధ్య ప్రదేశ్, మహారాష్ట్ర, కేరళ, ఉత్తర ప్రదేశ్, తమిళనాడు, ఒడిషా It is coarse-grained, durable and strong but difficult to work. Termites (also known as white ant) do not easily attack it. It is used for ordinary building construction and for cart wheels. Vulnerable[2]
సరుగుడు Casuarina spp. గోధుమ ఎరుపు 765 kg/m³ Tamil Nadu It grows straight. It is strong and fibrous. It is, however, badly twisted. It is often used for scaffolding and posts for temporary structures.
కొబ్బరి కోకోస్ నుసిఫెరా Reddish brown Throughout coastal India Takes polish. Requires preservative treatment. Used as poles, piles, furniture and as formwork in concrete construction.
దేవదారు Cedrus deodara Yellowish brown 560 kg/m³ Himalayas, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh Deodar is the most important timber tree providing soft wood. It can be easily worked and it is moderately strong. It possesses distinct annual rings. It is used for making cheap furniture, railway carriages, railway sleepers, packing boxes, structural work and so forth.
Gumar Gymnema sylvestre Pale yellow 580 kg/m³ Central India, South India It can be easily worked and is strong and durable especially when used under water. It is used for such products as furniture, carriage, well curbs, yokes, and door panels.
Hopea Hopea parviflora Light to deep brown 1010 kg/m³ Madras, Kerala Hopea is extremely strong and tough. It is difficult to work. However, it can be seasoned easily and it is durable and not likely to be damaged by white ants. It has been variously used for ordinary house construction, railway sleepers, piles, and boat building. Endangered[3]
Indian Elm Ulmus spp. Red 960 kg/m³ Throughout India It is moderately hard and strong. It is used for door and window frames, carts, and so forth.
నాగకేసరి Mesua ferrea Reddish brown[4] 960-1060 kg/m³[5] Ironwood is durable though it is very hard and is not easily worked. It even resists penetration of nails. It is used for ordinary house construction, bridges, piles, agricultural instruments, railway wagons, and railway sleepers.
Irul(తమిళం), Pyinkado, అడవి తంగేడు, బోజ, ఎర్ర చిన్నంగి Xylia xylocarpa 830–1060 kg/m³[6] Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu It is very hard, heavy and durable. Difficult to work, it also requires slow and careful seasoning. It is used for railway sleepers, agricultural instruments, paving blocks, and heavy construction. Least concern[7]
Mangifera caesia. Yellow, darkens with age 595 kg/m³ Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu It is compact and even grained. It is moderately strong and easy to work. It takes a good finish and maintains its shape well. It has many uses including plain furniture, boat construction, well curbs, door panels, cabinet making and musical instruments.
Jarul Lagerstroemia flos-reginae Light reddish gray 640 kg/m³ Assam, Bengal, Maharashtra Hard and durable, it can be easily worked. It takes a good finish and is used for house construction, boat building, railway carriages, cart making and scaffolding.
పనస[8] ఆర్టోకార్పస్ హెటిరోఫైలస్ పసుపు-ముదురు గోధుమ 800 kg/m³[8] కర్ణాటక, ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్, కేరళ, మహారాష్ట్ర, తమిళనాడు It is heavy and hard. It is durable under water and in damp conditions, however, it cracks if exposed to direct sun. White ants do not attack it. It is used for piles, platforms of wooden bridges, door and window panels.
Lauraceae, Saj Lauraceae Dark brown[9] 880 kg/m³ Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu It is strong, hard and tough. It is subject to cracking and attack by dry rot. White ants do not attack it. It takes a smooth finish. It is used for such purposes as house construction, boat construction, railway sleepers and structural work.
Mahogany Swietenia spp. Reddish brown 720 kg/m³ It takes a good polish and is easily worked. It is durable under water. It is most commonly used for furniture, pattern making and cabinet work.
మామిడి మాంగిఫెరా spp. Deep gray 560–720 kg/m³[10] భారతదేశం అంతటా The mango tree is well known for its fruits. It is easy to work and it maintains its shape well. It is moderately strong. It is most often used for cheap furniture, toys, packing boxes, cabinet work, panels for doors and for windows.
మల్బరీ మోరస్ spp. గోధుమ 650 kg/m³ పంజాబ్ It is strong, tough and elastic. It takes up a clean finish. It can be well seasoned. It is turned and carved easily. Mulberry is typically used for baskets and sports goods like hockey sticks, tennis rackets and cricket bats.
Oak Quercus spp. Yellowish brown 865 kg/m³ Oak is strong and durable, with straight silvery grain. It is used for preparing sporting goods.
Palm Arecaceae Dark brown 1040 kg/m³ Throughout India It contains ripe wood in the outer crust. The colour of this ripened wood is dark brown. It is strong, durable and fibrous. Palm is used for furniture, roof covering, rafters and joists.
పైన్ పైనస్ spp. Pine wood is hard and tough except white pine which is soft. It decays easily if it comes into contact with soil. It is heavy and coarse grained. It is used for pattern making, frames for doors and windows, and for paving material. White pine is light and straight grained and is used in the manufacture of matches.
Red cedar Red 480 kg/m³ Assam, Nagpur It is soft and even grained. It is used for furniture, door panels and well curbs.
ఇరుగుడు Dalbergia latifolia Dark 850 kg/m³[11] Kerala, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orrissa It is strong, tough and close-grained. It is a handsome wood that takes up a high polish. It maintains its shape well and is available in large sizes. It is used for furniture of superior quality, cabinet work, ornamental carvings and so forth. Vulnerable[12]
గుగ్గిలము షోరియా రొబస్టా గోధుమ 880–1050 kg/m³[13] కర్ణాటక, ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్, మహారాష్ట్ర, ఉత్తర ప్రదేశ్, బీహార్, మధ్య ప్రదేశ్, ఒడిషా It is hard, fibrous and close-grained. It does not take up a good polish. It requires slow and careful seasoning. It is durable under groung and water. It is used for railway sleepers, shipbuilding, and bridges.
చందనము Santalum spp. White or Red 930 kg/m³ Karnataka, Assam, Nagpur, Bengal It has a pleasant smell. It is commonly used for agricultural instruments, well curbs, wheels, and mallets. Vulnerable[14]
Satinwood Chloroxylon swietenia; Zanthoxylum flavum Yellow[15] 960 kg/m³ Central and Southern India It is very hard and durable. It is close grained. It is used for furniture and other ornamental works. Vulnerable[16]
బూరుగ బొంబాక్స్ spp. తెలుపు 450 kg/m³ భారతదేశం అంతటా It is a loose grained, inferior quality wood. Light in weight, it is used for packing cases, the match industry, well curbs, and for cheap furniture.
Siris Albizia spp. Dark brown North India Hard and durable, Siris wood is difficult to work. It is used for well curbs in salty water, beams, posts, and furniture.
ఇరిడి Dalbergia sissoo Dark brown 770 kg/m³ Mysore, Maharashtra, Assam, Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa Also known as shisham or tali, this wood is strong and tough. It is durable and handsome and it maintains its shape well. It can be easily seasoned. It is difficult to work but it takes a fine polish. It is used for high quality furniture, plywoods, bridge piles, sport goods, railway sleepers and so forth. It is a very good material for decorative works and carvings.
Spruce Picea spp. 480 kg/m³ Spruce wood resists decay and is not affected by the attack of marine borers. It is however liable to shrink, twist and warp. It is used for piles under water and (formerly) for aeroplane construction.
Sundri Heritiera fomes Dark red 960 kg/m³ Bengal It is hard and tough. It is difficult to season and work. It is elastic and close grained. It is strong and durable. These qualities make it suited for such uses as boat building, piles, poles, tool handles, and carriage shafts.
చింత టామరిండస్ ఇండికా ముదురు గోధుమ 1280 kg/m³ భారతదేశం అంతటా Tamarind is knotty and durable. It is a beautiful tree for avenue and gardens. Its development is very slow but it ultimately forms a massive appearance. Its fruit is also very useful. It is used for agricultural instruments, well curbs, sugar mills, carts and brick burning.
టేకు టెక్టోనా గ్రాండిస్ పసుపు - ముదురు గోధుమ[17] 639 kg/m³[18] మధ్య, దక్షిణ భారతదేశం Moderately hard, teak is durable and fire-resistant. It can be easily seasoned and worked. It takes up a good polish and is not attacked by white ants and dry rot. It does not corrode iron fastenings and it shrinks little. It is among the most valuable timber trees of the world and its use is limited to superior work only.
Toon, Red Cedar[19] Toona ciliata Reddish brown or dull red 450 kg/m³[19] Assam It can be easily worked. It is light in weight. It is used for such products as furniture, packing boxes, cabinet making and door panels.

మూలాలు

[మార్చు]
Look up కలప in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  1. ↑ "Mimusops elengi". Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
  2. ↑ "2007 IUCN Red List – Search". Archived from the original on 2008-01-03. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
  3. ↑ "2007 IUCN Red List – Search". Archived from the original on 2008-01-03. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
  4. ↑ "Exotic Wood penaga". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
  5. ↑ "Mesua ferrea". Archived from the original on 2007-03-25. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
  6. ↑ "Pyinkado". Archived from the original on 2006-10-30. Retrieved 2006-10-30.
  7. ↑ [1][permanent dead link]
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "ఆర్కైవ్ నకలు" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-11-30. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
  9. ↑ "ఆర్కైవ్ నకలు". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
  10. ↑ "Mango". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
  11. ↑ "Dalbergia latifolia". Archived from the original on 2008-01-02. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
  12. ↑ "2007 IUCN Red List – Search". Archived from the original on 2008-01-03. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
  13. ↑ Sal - Shorea robusta - Flora - Tree - Timber - Haryana Online - North India Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ↑ 2007 IUCN Red List – Search Archived 2008-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ Exotic Wood satinwood
  16. ↑ "2007 IUCN Red List – Search". Archived from the original on 2008-01-03. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
  17. ↑ Exotic Wood teak
  18. ↑ http://tropix.cirad.fr/asia/teak.pdf[permanent dead link]
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Nrrpc-Wood Property Report On Camphor Laurel". Archived from the original on 2007-08-29. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
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