మూస:Infobox gadolinium

గెడోలినియం, ₀₀Gd
గెడోలినియం
Pronunciation	/ˌɡædəˈlɪniəm/ (GAD-ə-LIN-ee-əm)
Appearance	silvery white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Gd)
	157.25±0.03; 157.25±0.03 (abridged);
గెడోలినియం in the periodic table
Group	f-block groups (no number)
Period	period 6
Block
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1585 K (1312 °C, 2394 °F)
Boiling point	3546 K (3273 °C, 5923 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	7.90 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	7.4 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	10.05 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	301.3 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	37.03 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	0, +1, +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.20
Atomic radius	empirical: 180 pm
Covalent radius	196±6 pm
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Speed of sound thin rod	2680 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	(100 °C, α, poly) 9.4 µm/(m⋅K)
Thermal conductivity	10.6 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	(r.t.) (α, poly) 1.310 µ Ω⋅m
Magnetic ordering	ferromagnetic/paramagnetic; transition at 293.4 K
Young's modulus	(α form) 54.8 GPa
Shear modulus	(α form) 21.8 GPa
Bulk modulus	(α form) 37.9 GPa
Poisson ratio	(α form) 0.259
Vickers hardness	570 MPa
CAS Number	7440-54-2
History
Discovery	Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac (1880)
First isolation	Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1886)
Isotopes of గెడోలినియం v; e;
	Template:infobox గెడోలినియం isotopes does not exist
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References

↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Gadolinium". CIAAW. 1969.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ఇంగ్లీష్). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Gadolinium". CIAAW. 1969.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ఇంగ్లీష్). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Cloke1993-3] Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.

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