థాలియం

థాలియం, ₀₀Tl
థాలియం
Pronunciation	/ˈθæliəm/ (THAL-ee-əm)
Appearance	silvery white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Tl)
	[204.382, 204.385]; 204.38±0.01 (abridged);
థాలియం in the periodic table
Group	group 13 (boron group)
Period	period 6
Block
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	577 K (304 °C, 579 °F)
Boiling point	1746 K (1473 °C, 2683 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	11.85 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	11.22 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	4.14 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	165 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	26.32 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−5, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.62
Atomic radius	empirical: 170 pm
Covalent radius	145±7 pm
Van der Waals radius	196 pm
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Speed of sound thin rod	818 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	29.9 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	46.1 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	0.18 µ Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Young's modulus	8 GPa
Shear modulus	2.8 GPa
Bulk modulus	43 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.45
Mohs hardness	1.2
Brinell hardness	26.4 MPa
CAS Number	7440-28-0
History
Discovery	William Crookes (1861)
First isolation	Claude-Auguste Lamy (1862)
Isotopes of థాలియం v; e;
	Template:infobox థాలియం isotopes does not exist
	Category: థాలియం; view; talk; edit; \| references

థాలియం చిహ్నం Tl తో రసాయన మూలకం ఉంది, పరమాణు సంఖ్య 81.^[5]

లక్షణాలు

థాలియం, చాలా మెత్తగా ఉంటుంది. సుతిమెత్తని, కోయదగినదిగా గది ఉష్ణోగ్రత వద్ద ఒక కత్తితో కోయ తగినంతగా ఉంటుంది.^[6]

ఐసోటోపులు

థాలియంకు 25 ఐసోటోపులు ఉన్నాయి. అణు ద్రవ్యరాశి 184 నుండి 210, ²⁰³, ²⁰⁵Tl అనేవి స్థిర ఐసోటోపులు, ²⁰⁴Tl సగం జీవితం 3.78 సంవత్సరాలు కల చాలా స్థిరంగా ఉండే రేడియోఐసోటోప్.^[7]^[7]^[7]^[8]^[9]

చరిత్ర

థాలియం ( గ్రీకు θαλλός, "ఒక ఆకుపచ్చ షూట్ లేదా కొమ్మ" అంటే thallos) ^[10] 1861 లో జ్వాల స్పెక్ట్రోస్కోపీ ద్వారా కనుగొనబడింది.^[11] .^[12] ^[13]

మూలాలు

↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Thallium". CIAAW. 2009.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ఇంగ్లీష్). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ Dong, Z.-C.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Na₂₃K₉Tl_15.3: An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl₅⁷⁻, Tl₄⁸⁻, Tl₃⁷⁻, and Tl⁵⁻ Anions". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (11): 3107–12. doi:10.1021/ic960014z. PMID 11666505.
↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
↑ Hasan, Heather (2009). The Boron Elements: Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, Thallium. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4358-5333-1.
↑ Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Thallium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in జర్మన్) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 892–893. ISBN 3-11-007511-3.
1 2 3 Audi, Georges; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; Wapstra, A.H. (2003). "The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties". Nuclear Physics A. 729 (1). Atomic Mass Data Center: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
↑ "Thallium Research". Unitaded States Department of Energy. the original నుండి 2009-04-13 న ఆర్కైవు చెయ్యబడింది. ఒరిజినల్ పేజీని చూసిన తేదీ: 2015-05-18. {{cite web}}: More than one of |archivedate= and |archive-date= specified (help); More than one of |archiveurl= and |archive-url= specified (help)
↑ "Manual for reactor produced radioisotopes" (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency. 2003. ఒరిజినల్ పేజీని చూసిన తేదీ: 2010-05-13.
↑ Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert (eds.) "θαλλος Archived 2016-04-15 at the Wayback Machine", in A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford University Press.
↑
- Crookes, William (March 30, 1861) "On the existence of a new element, probably of the sulphur group," Chemical News, vol. 3, pp. 193–194; reprinted in: "XLVI. On the existence of a new element, probably of the sulphur group". Philosophical Magazine. 21 (140): 301–305. April 1861.;
- Crookes, William (May 18, 1861) "Further remarks on the supposed new metalloid," Chemical News, vol. 3, p. 303.
- Crookes, William (June 19, 1862) "Preliminary researches on thallium," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, vol. 12, pages 150–159.
- Lamy, A. (May 16, 1862) "De l'existencè d'un nouveau métal, le thallium," Comptes Rendus, vol. 54, pages 1255–1262.
↑ Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. XIII. Supplementary note on the discovery of thallium". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (12): 2078. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.2078W. doi:10.1021/ed009p2078.
↑ G. Kirchhoff; R. Bunsen (1861). "Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen". Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 189 (7): 337–381. Bibcode:1861AnP...189..337K. doi:10.1002/andp.18611890702.

బయటి లింకులు

Thallium at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
Toxicity, thallium
NLM hazardous substances databank – Thallium, elemental
ATSDR – ToxFAQs
CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Thallium". CIAAW. 2009.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ఇంగ్లీష్). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[3] Dong, Z.-C.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Na₂₃K₉Tl_15.3: An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl₅⁷⁻, Tl₄⁸⁻, Tl₃⁷⁻, and Tl⁵⁻ Anions". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (11): 3107–12. doi:10.1021/ic960014z. PMID 11666505.

[4] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.

[5] Hasan, Heather (2009). The Boron Elements: Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, Thallium. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4358-5333-1.

[HollemanAF-6] Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Thallium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in జర్మన్) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 892–893. ISBN 3-11-007511-3.

[Audi-7] 1 2 3 Audi, Georges; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; Wapstra, A.H. (2003). "The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties". Nuclear Physics A. 729 (1). Atomic Mass Data Center: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.

[8] "Thallium Research". Unitaded States Department of Energy. the original నుండి 2009-04-13 న ఆర్కైవు చెయ్యబడింది. ఒరిజినల్ పేజీని చూసిన తేదీ: 2015-05-18. {{cite web}}: More than one of |archivedate= and |archive-date= specified (help); More than one of |archiveurl= and |archive-url= specified (help)

[9] "Manual for reactor produced radioisotopes" (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency. 2003. ఒరిజినల్ పేజీని చూసిన తేదీ: 2010-05-13.

[10] Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert (eds.) "θαλλος Archived 2016-04-15 at the Wayback Machine", in A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford University Press.

[11] 
Crookes, William (March 30, 1861) "On the existence of a new element, probably of the sulphur group," Chemical News, vol. 3, pp. 193–194; reprinted in: "XLVI. On the existence of a new element, probably of the sulphur group". Philosophical Magazine. 21 (140): 301–305. April 1861.;

Crookes, William (May 18, 1861) "Further remarks on the supposed new metalloid," Chemical News, vol. 3, p. 303.

Crookes, William (June 19, 1862) "Preliminary researches on thallium," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, vol. 12, pages 150–159.

Lamy, A. (May 16, 1862) "De l'existencè d'un nouveau métal, le thallium," Comptes Rendus, vol. 54, pages 1255–1262.

[mw6A] Crookes, William (March 30, 1861) "On the existence of a new element, probably of the sulphur group," Chemical News, vol. 3, pp. 193–194; reprinted in: "XLVI. On the existence of a new element, probably of the sulphur group". Philosophical Magazine. 21 (140): 301–305. April 1861.;

[mw8g] Crookes, William (May 18, 1861) "Further remarks on the supposed new metalloid," Chemical News, vol. 3, p. 303.

[mw9Q] Crookes, William (June 19, 1862) "Preliminary researches on thallium," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, vol. 12, pages 150–159.

[mw9w] Lamy, A. (May 16, 1862) "De l'existencè d'un nouveau métal, le thallium," Comptes Rendus, vol. 54, pages 1255–1262.

[12] Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. XIII. Supplementary note on the discovery of thallium". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (12): 2078. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.2078W. doi:10.1021/ed009p2078.

[13] G. Kirchhoff; R. Bunsen (1861). "Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen". Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 189 (7): 337–381. Bibcode:1861AnP...189..337K. doi:10.1002/andp.18611890702.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]