మూస:కార్బన్ మూలకము

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కార్బన్, 00C
Graphite (left) and diamond (right), two allotropes of carbon
కార్బన్
Allotropesgraphite, diamond and more (see Allotropes of carbon)
Appearanceclear (diamond) & black (graphite)
Standard atomic weight Ar°(C)
కార్బన్ in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium
-
↑
C
↓
Si
బోరాన్ ← కార్బన్ → నైట్రోజన్
Groupమూస:Infobox element/symbol-to-group/format
Periodperiod 2
Block  p-block
Electron configuration[He] 2s2 2p2
Electrons per shell2, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Sublimation point3915 K ​(3642 °C, ​6588 °F)
Density (near r.t.)amorphous:[3] 1.8–2.1 g/cm3
diamond: 3.515 g/cm3
graphite: 2.267 g/cm3
Triple point4600 K, ​10800[4][5] kPa
Heat of fusion117 (graphite) kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity6.155 (diamond)
8.517 (graphite) J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1,[6] +2, +3,[7] +4[8] (a mildly acidic oxide)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 2.55
Ionization energies
Covalent radius77(sp3), 73(sp2), 69(sp) pm
Van der Waals radius170 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of కార్బన్
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structure ​face-centered diamond-cubic
Diamond crystal structure for కార్బన్

(diamond, clear)
Speed of sound thin rod18350 (diamond) m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion0.8 (diamond)[9] µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity900-2300 (diamond)
119-165 (graphite) W/(m⋅K)
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic[10]
Young's modulus1050 (diamond)[9] GPa
Shear modulus478 (diamond)[9] GPa
Bulk modulus442 (diamond)[9] GPa
Poisson ratio0.1 (diamond)[9]
Mohs hardness10 (diamond)
1-2 (graphite)
CAS Number7440-44-0
History
DiscoveryEgyptians and Sumerians[11] (3750 BC)
రసాయన మూలకంగా గుర్తించినవారుAntoine Lavoisier[12] (1789)
Isotopes of కార్బన్
Template:infobox కార్బన్ isotopes does not exist
 Category: కార్బన్
| references

References

These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
  1. ↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Carbon". CIAAW. 2009.
  2. ↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ఇంగ్లీష్). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  3. ↑ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
  4. ↑ Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.
  5. ↑ Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.
  6. ↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
  7. ↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
  8. ↑ "Carbon: Binary compounds". Retrieved 2007-12-06.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database
  10. ↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
  11. ↑ "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  12. ↑ Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
  13. ↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
  14. ↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
  15. ↑ "Carbon: Binary compounds". Retrieved 2007-12-06.


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