మూస:హాఫ్నియం మూలకము

Hafnium, ₀₀Hf

Hafnium
Pronunciation	/ˈhæfniəm/ ​(HAF-nee-əm)
Appearance	steel gray
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Hf)
	178.486±0.006 178.49±0.01 (abridged)
Hafnium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium Zr ↑ Hf ↓ Rf lutetium ← hafnium → tantalum
Group	మూస:Infobox element/symbol-to-group/format
Period	period 6
Block	d-block
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	2506 K ​(2233 °C, ​4051 °F)
Boiling point	4876 K ​(4603 °C, ​8317 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	13.31 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	12 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	27.2 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	648 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.73 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 2689 2954 3277 3679 4194 4876
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.3
Ionization energies	1st: 658.5 kJ/mol 2nd: 1440 kJ/mol 3rd: 2250 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	empirical: 159 pm
Covalent radius	175±10 pm
Spectral lines of hafnium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	​hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Speed of sound thin rod	3010 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	5.9 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	23.0 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	331 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Young's modulus	78 GPa
Shear modulus	30 GPa
Bulk modulus	110 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.37
Mohs hardness	5.5
Vickers hardness	1760 MPa
Brinell hardness	1700 MPa
CAS Number	7440-58-6
History
Naming	after Hafnia. Latin for: Copenhagen, where it was discovered
Prediction	Dmitri Mendeleev (1869)
Discovery and first isolation	Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy (1922)
Isotopes of hafnium

References

These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.

మూస డాక్యుమెంటేషన్[view] [edit] [చరిత్ర] [purge]

Infoboxes for the chemical elements use the core template {{Infobox element}}.

Parameters

In general

Usually parameters reproduce the value, and the template adds the SI unit or additional standard text. While the topic is technical, we can strive to make the result readable text, and even verbose. For example, this is why the template writes "(at 0 °C)". For this, you may want to experiment with parameter input too - or propose improvements.

All this can vary across the values (data rows). So depending on the row and the specific value, additional formattings may be added by the template (e.g., a newline <br>)

Parameter naming patterns

Most parameters have a ... ref that allows for references. This reference is added right after the unit.

ionization energy ref

Parameters with a .. comment suffix are added to the end of a data line, with a space added. Comments are reproduced without formatting additions (no brackets, no italics, ...):

ionization energy comment

Numbered values make a list:

ionization energy

ionization energy 2

ionization energy 3

Parameter list

This parameter list:  See also: Infobox element/testcases-all-params demo. {{Infobox element |name= |symbol= |number= <!-- image --> |image name= |image upright= |spectral image=<!-- central data list --> <!-- General properties --> |pronounce=<!-- central data list --> |alt name= |alt names= |allotropes= |appearance= |standard atomic weight=<!-- central data list --> <!-- Periodic table --> |above= |below= |left= |right= |category ref= |category comment= |category color= |group= |group ref= |group comment= |period= |period ref= |period comment= |block= |block ref= |block comment= |electron configuration= |electron configuration ref= |electron configuration comment= |electrons per shell= |electrons per shell ref= |electrons per shell comment= <!-- Physical properties --> |physical properties comment= |color= |phase= |phase ref= |phase comment= |melting point K= |melting point C= |melting point F= |melting point ref= |melting point comment= |boiling point K= |boiling point C= |boiling point F= |boiling point ref= |boiling point comment= |sublimation point K= |sublimation point C= |sublimation point F= |sublimation point ref= |sublimation point comment= |density gplstp= |density gplstp ref= |density gplstp comment= |density kgpm3stp= |density kgpm3stp ref= |density kgpm3stp comment= |density gpcm3nrt= |density gpcm3nrt ref= |density gpcm3nrt comment= |density gpcm3nrt 2= |density gpcm3nrt 2 ref= |density gpcm3nrt 2 comment= |density gpcm3nrt 3= |density gpcm3nrt 3 ref= |density gpcm3nrt 3 comment= |density gpcm3mp= |density gpcm3mp ref= |density gpcm3mp comment= |density gpcm3bp= |density gpcm3bp ref= |density gpcm3bp comment= |molar volume= |molar volume unit = |molar volume ref= |molar volume comment= |triple point K= |triple point kPa= |triple point ref= |triple point comment= |triple point K 2= |triple point kPa 2= |triple point 2 ref= |triple point 2 comment= |critical point K= |critical point MPa= |critical point ref= |critical point comment= |heat fusion= |heat fusion ref= |heat fusion comment= |heat fusion 2= |heat fusion 2 ref= |heat fusion 2 comment= |heat vaporization= |heat vaporization ref= |heat vaporization comment= |heat capacity= |heat capacity ref= |heat capacity comment= |heat capacity 2= |heat capacity 2 ref= |heat capacity 2 comment= |vapor pressure 1= |vapor pressure 10= |vapor pressure 100= |vapor pressure 1 k= |vapor pressure 10 k= |vapor pressure 100 k= |vapor pressure ref= |vapor pressure comment= |vapor pressure 1 2= |vapor pressure 10 2= |vapor pressure 100 2= |vapor pressure 1 k 2= |vapor pressure 10 k 2= |vapor pressure 100 k 2= |vapor pressure 2 ref= |vapor pressure 2 comment= <!-- Atomic properties --> |atomic properties comment= |electronegativity= |electronegativity ref= |electronegativity comment= |ionization energy 1= |ionization energy 1 ref= |ionization energy 1 comment= |ionization energy 2= |ionization energy 2 ref= |ionization energy 2 comment= |ionization energy 3= |ionization energy 3 ref= |ionization energy 3 comment= |number of ionization energies= |ionization energy ref= |ionization energy comment= |atomic radius= |atomic radius ref= |atomic radius comment= |atomic radius calculated= |atomic radius calculated ref= |atomic radius calculated comment= |covalent radius= |covalent radius ref= |covalent radius comment= |Van der Waals radius= |Van der Waals radius ref= |Van der Waals radius comment= <!-- Miscellanea --> |crystal structure= |crystal structure prefix= |crystal structure ref= |crystal structure comment= |crystal structure 2= |crystal structure 2 prefix= |crystal structure 2 ref= |crystal structure 2 comment= |speed of sound= |speed of sound ref= |speed of sound comment= |speed of sound rod at 20= |speed of sound rod at 20 ref= |speed of sound rod at 20 comment= |speed of sound rod at r.t.= |speed of sound rod at r.t. ref= |speed of sound rod at r.t. comment= |thermal expansion= |thermal expansion ref= |thermal expansion comment= |thermal expansion at 25= |thermal expansion at 25 ref= |thermal expansion at 25 comment= |thermal conductivity= |thermal conductivity ref= |thermal conductivity comment= |thermal conductivity 2= |thermal conductivity 2 ref= |thermal conductivity 2 comment= |thermal diffusivity= |thermal diffusivity ref= |thermal diffusivity comment= |electrical resistivity= |electrical resistivity unit prefix= |electrical resistivity ref= |electrical resistivity comment= |electrical resistivity at 0= |electrical resistivity at 0 ref= |electrical resistivity at 0 comment= |electrical resistivity at 20= |electrical resistivity at 20 ref= |electrical resistivity at 20 comment= |band gap= |band gap ref= |band gap comment= |Curie point K= |Curie point ref= |Curie point comment= |magnetic ordering= |magnetic ordering ref= |magnetic ordering comment= |tensile strength= |tensile strength ref= |tensile strength comment= |Young's modulus= |Young's modulus ref= |Young's modulus comment= |Shear modulus= |Shear modulus ref= |Shear modulus comment= |Bulk modulus= |Bulk modulus ref= |Bulk modulus comment= |Poisson ratio= |Poisson ratio ref= |Poisson ratio comment= |Mohs hardness= |Mohs hardness ref= |Mohs hardness comment= |Mohs hardness 2= |Mohs hardness 2 ref= |Mohs hardness 2 comment= |Vickers hardness= |Vickers hardness ref= |Vickers hardness comment= |Brinell hardness= |Brinell hardness ref= |Brinell hardness comment= |CAS number= |CAS number ref= |CAS number comment= <!-- History --> |naming= |predicted by= |prediction date ref= |prediction date= |discovered by= |discovery date ref= |discovery date= |first isolation by= |first isolation date ref= |first isolation date= |discovery and first isolation by= |named by= |named date ref= |named date= |history comment label= |history comment= <!-- Isotopes --> |isotopes= |isotopes ref= |isotopes comment= <!-- other --> |engvar= |QID= }} {{Infobox element}}; labels & notes:   (Image)       GENERAL PROPERTIES Name Symbol Pronunciation (data central)   Alternative name(s)   Allotropes Appearance <element> IN THE PERIODIC TABLE Periodic table       Atomic number Standard atomic weight (data central)   Element category (also header bg color)     (sets header bg color, over 'series='-color) Group     Period     Block     Electron configuration     Electrons per shell     PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (general note) Color Phase     Melting point         Boiling point         Sublimation point         Density [g/L at s.t.p.]     Density [kg/m3 at s.t.p.]     Density [g/cm3 near room temperature]      [g/cm3 near r.t.], #2      [g/cm3 near r.t.], #3     Density (liquid, melting point) [g/cm3]     Density (liquid, boiling point) [g/cm3]     Molar volume Unit defaults to cm3/mol  otherwise set unit prefix=d for dm3/mol (gases)   Triple point               Critical point       Heat of fusion           Heat of vaporization     Molar heat capacity           Vapor pressure               Vapor pressure               ATOMIC PROPERTIES Electronegativity     Ionization energy                       Atomic radius           Covalent radius     Van der Waals radius     MISCELLANEA Crystal structure       Crystal structure       Speed of sound                 Thermal expansion           Thermal conductivity           Thermal diffusivity     Electrical resistivity                   Band gap     Curie point     Magnetic ordering     Tensile strength     Young's modulus     Shear modulus     Bulk modulus     Poisson ratio     Mohs hardness           Vickers hardness     Brinell hardness     CAS Number     HISTORY Naming Prediction   () Discovery   () First isolation   () Discovery and first isolation (1 or 2 dates) Named by   ()   (History comment) ISOTOPES OF <element> Isotopes of <element>   (wp:engvar)

Subtemplates

Isotopes

Isotopes

Isotopes are to be entered by the editor using these subtemplates: {{Infobox element/isotopes stable}} {{Infobox element/isotopes decay}} {{Infobox element/isotopes decay2}} {{Infobox element/isotopes decay3}} {{Infobox element/isotopes decay3 (2 2 1)}} {{Infobox element/isotopes decay4}} Examples (from various elements): | isotopes = {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | link=Fluorine-19 | mn=19 | sym=F | na=100% | n=10 }} {{Infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=251 | sym=Cf | na=trace | hl=898 y | dm=α | de=6.172 | link1=curium-247 | pn=247 | ps=Cm}} {{Infobox element/isotopes decay2 | mn=252 | sym=Cf | na=trace | hl=2.645 y | dm1=α (96.91%)| de1=6.217 | link1=curium-248 | pn1=248 | ps1=Cm | dm2=SF (3.09%)| de2=– | pn2= | ps2=–}} {{Infobox element/isotopes decay3 | mn=26 | sym=Al | na=[[trace radioisotope|trace]] | hl={{val|7.17|e=5|ul=y}} | dm1=[[Positron emission|β<sup>+</sup>]] | de1=1.17 | link1=magnesium-26 | pn1=26 | ps1=Mg | dm2=[[electron capture|ε]] | de2=- | link2=magnesium-26 | pn2=26 | ps2=Mg | dm3=[[Gamma radiation|γ]] | de3=1.8086 | pn3= | ps3=- }} {{Infobox element/isotopes decay3 (2 2 1) | mn=22 | sym=Na | na=[[trace radioisotope|trace]] | hl=[[1 E7 s|2.602]] [[year|y]] | dm1=[[Beta decay|β<sup>+</sup>]]→[[Gamma decay|γ]] | de1a=0.5454 | link1a=neon-22 | pn1a=22 | ps1a=Ne* | de1b=1.27453(2)<ref name=npa521_1>{{cite journal | last=Endt | first=P. M. | title=Energy levels of A = 21–44 nuclei (VII) | journal=Nuclear Physics A | volume=521 | pages=1–400 | date=1990 | doi=10.1016/0375-9474(90)90598-G | bibcode=1990NuPhA.521....1E }}</ref> | pn1b=22 | ps1b=Ne | dm2=[[electron capture|ε]]→[[Gamma decay|γ]] | de2a=- | pn2a=22 | ps2a=Ne* | de2b=1.27453(2) | pn2b=22 | ps2b=Ne | dm3=[[Beta decay|β<sup>+</sup>]] | de3=1.8200 | pn3=22 | ps3=Ne }} {{Infobox element/isotopes_decay4 | mn=260 | sym=Md | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=31.8 [[day|d]] | dm1=SF | de1=- | pn1= | ps1=- | dm2=α | de2=7.000 | link2=einsteinium-256 | pn2=256 | ps2=Es | dm3=ε | de3=- | link3=fermium-260 | pn3=260 | ps3=Fm | dm4=[[beta emission|β<sup>−</sup>]] | de4=1.000 | link4=nobelium-260 | pn4=260 | ps4=No}} |isotopes comment=reference{{sfn|Chisté|2006}}<br> * = [[excited state]] produces the subtable: Demo, 00Xx Demo in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium {{{above}}} ↑ {{{symbol}}} ↓ {{{below}}} {{{left}}} ← demo → {{{right}}} Group మూస:Infobox element/symbol-to-group/format Isotopes of demo

Other

Other subtemplates are used automatically; they do not need specific editor's input.

• {{Infobox element/group}}
• {{Infobox element/periodic table}}

{{Periodic table (32 columns, micro)}}

When atomic number ≥ 119, the miniature periodic table shows an extended version (period 8 and up). See, for example, {{Infobox ununennium}}.

• {{Infobox element/vapor pressure table}}
• {{Infobox element/crystal structure}} (documentation)

References

These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.

See also

• {{Infobox element}}
• Category:Infobox element templates
• Category:Periodic table infobox templates
• All subpages of Template:Infobox element
• Category:Element infobox templates that need attention

The above documentation is transcluded from మూస:Infobox element/doc. (edit | చరిత్ర)
Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox (create | mirror) and testcases (create) pages.
Subpages of this template.